tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81896302164200276012024-03-05T02:53:39.200-08:00THE THREE NATIONAL LEADERS OF INDIAA critical study of the life and activities of M.K.Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose. Gandhi is known as father of Nation, Subhas as father of Indian Revolution and Jawaharlal may be said as "a Bridge between the Two". laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.comBlogger179125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-71538786957212452642015-11-28T04:38:00.000-08:002015-12-30T21:50:06.798-08:00Independence of India -Not a gift<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FPsI3RBSZSs/Vfbr1NZhrfI/AAAAAAAA65I/5nBkc4_aUUU/s1600/Stafford_Cripps_1947.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FPsI3RBSZSs/Vfbr1NZhrfI/AAAAAAAA65I/5nBkc4_aUUU/s320/Stafford_Cripps_1947.jpg" title="" width="230" /></a>The lecture delivered Stafford Cripps on 5th March 1947 in British Parliament reveals the actual truth of transferring Power to Divided India. Cripps said;<br />
"What alternatives we had in our disposal ? Practically there were two alternatives - one, to tren then British Secretariat of India by increasing men and military and rule over the country and we could continue for another twenty years rule in India. Secondly, we have to confess that the first alternative is totally impossible.<br />
Hence there is only one possibility and it was not possible to strengthen the British Military to rule over India.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-13071457994437224202015-09-14T07:39:00.001-07:002015-09-14T07:39:47.142-07:00Last weapon to get Pakistan - Direct Action of Muslim LeagueIn pursuance of the resolution of the Muslim League Council , passed on 29 July , the Direct Action. This was enforced on 16 August 1946, "Direct Action Day".<br />
<a href="http://stores.ebay.com/Steve-Goldman-HISTORICAL-NEWSPAPERS_W0QQsspagenameZL2222QQtZkm"><span style="color: darkred; font-size: x-small;">http://stores.ebay.com/Steve-Goldman-HISTORICAL-NEWSPAPERS_W0QQsspagenameZL2222QQtZkm</span></a><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><strong>SEE PHOTOs----- Lot of ten (10) COMPLETE ORIGINAL NEWSPAPERs, the <u>Statesman</u> (Calcutta and Delhi, INDIA) dated May 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, and 27, 1946. </strong></span><strong><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;">This is a lot of 10 different dated issues.</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;">Contents include the <span style="color: red;">best <u>LOCAL</u> headlines</span> and gruesome coverage of the <span style="color: #005500;">GREAT CALCUTTA KILLINGS (on Direct Action Day)</span> in Calcutta, in which over <span style="color: #005500;">4000 people were killed in communal riots between HINDUS and MUSLIMS</span> in Calcutta, INDIA.</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, was a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of </strong></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Calcutta</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> (now known as Kolkata) in the </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Bengal</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> province of </strong></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>British India</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>. The day also marked the start of what is known as<i>The Week of the Long Knives</i>.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #005500;"><strong>The 'Direct Action' was announced by the Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress because Muslims feared that if the British just pulled out, Muslims would surely suffer at the hands of overwhelming Hindu majority, which resulted in the worst communal riots that British India had seen.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #005500;"><strong>The </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Muslim League</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> and the </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Indian National Congress</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> were the two largest political parties in the </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Constituent Assembly of India</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> in the 1940s. The</strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>1946 Cabinet Mission to India</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> for planning of the transfer of power from the </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>British Raj</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> to the Indian leadership proposed an initial plan of composition of the new Dominion of India and its government. However, soon an alternative plan to divide the British Raj into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan was proposed by the Muslim League. The Congress rejected the alternative proposal outright. The Muslim League planned a </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>general strike</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">hartal</a></i>) on 16 August, terming it as Direct Action Day, to protest this rejection and assert its demand for a separate Muslim homeland.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #005500;"><strong>In those days the situation in Bengal was particularly complex. In the province, Muslims represented the majority of the population (56%, as against 42% of Hindus) and were mostly concentrated in the eastern part. As a result of this demographic structure and specific developments, this province was the only one in which a Muslim League government was in power under the provincial autonomy scheme introduced in 1935 in coalition with the Europeans, and against the hurdle of strong opposition from the Congress, the Communist Party of India and also from a Hindu nationalist party, the</strong></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Hindu Mahasabha</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>. The latter was supported by many members of the rich Marwari trading community, composed of immigrants from Rajasthan, who largely dominated the economy of central Calcutta (although European capital was still important). In consequence, the inhabitants of Calcutta, 64% Hindus and 33% Muslims, were by then divided into two highly antagonistic entities. Against this backdrop, the protest triggered massive </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot" title="Riot"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>riots</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>in </strong></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Calcutta</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>. More than 4,000 people lost their lives and 100,000 residents were left homeless in Calcutta within 72 hours. This violence sparked off further religious riots in the surrounding regions of </strong></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali" title="Noakhali"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Noakhali</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>, Bihar, </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>United Provinces</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong> (modern Uttar Pradesh), </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Punjab</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>, and the </strong></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Frontier_Province" title="North Western Frontier Province"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>North Western Frontier Province</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>. These events sowed the seeds for the eventual </strong></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>Partition of India</strong></span></a><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>.</strong></span></span><strong><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">This is a real TIME MACHINE that takes the reader back to the CALCUTTA RIOTS in May, 1946 some 69 years ago!! LOCAL coverage of this tragedy that still haunts the relationship between INDIA and PAKISTAN some 69 years later.. </span></strong><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">Very good condition. This listing includes the lot of 10 different dated newspapers as described above. STEPHEN A. GOLDMAN HISTORICAL NEWSPAPERS stands behind all of the items that we sell with a no questions asked, money back guarantee. Every item we sell is an original newspaper printed on the date indicated at the beginning of its description. U.S. buyers pay priority mail postage which includes waterproof plastic and a heavy cardboard flat to protect your purchase from damage in the mail. International postage is quoted when we are informed as to where the package is to be sent. We do combine postage (to reduce postage costs) for multiple purchases sent in the same package.</span> <strong><span style="color: red;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">We accept payment by PAYPAL as well as by CREDIT CARD (Visa and Master Card) through secure on-line PROPAY. </span></span></strong></span>We list hundreds of rare newspapers with dates from 1570 through 2004 on Ebay each week and we ship packages twice a week. This is truly SIX CENTURIES OF HISTORY that YOU CAN OWN!</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #005500;"><strong> Please check out our constantly updated offerings by doing a seller search by clicking on the address below:</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #005500;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cgi6.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?MfcISAPICommand=ViewListedItems&since=2&userid=qrst&include=0&rows=200"><span style="color: #005500;"><strong>http://cgi6.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?MfcISAPICommand=ViewListedItems&since=2&userid=qrst&include=0&rows=200</strong></span></a><br />
<span style="color: darkred;"><strong>Please visit our EBAY STORE at:</strong></span><br />
<a href="http://stores.ebay.com/Steve-Goldman-HISTORICAL-NEWSPAPERS_W0QQsspagenameZL2222QQtZkm"><span style="color: darkred;"><strong>http://stores.ebay.com/Steve-Goldman-HISTORICAL-NEWSPAPERS_W0QQsspagenameZL2222QQtZkm</strong></span></a><span style="color: darkred;"><strong></strong></span><br />
Stephen A. Goldman Historical Newspapers has been in the business of buying and selling historical newspapers for over 40 years. Dr. Stephen A. Goldman is a consultant to the Freedom Forum Newseum and a member of the American Antiquarian Society. You can buy with confidence from us, knowing that we stand behind all of our historical items with a 100% money back guarantee. Let our 40+ years of experience work for YOU ! We have hundreds of thousands of historical newspa<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fdI5L_kZX5Q/VfbYGaDH4DI/AAAAAAAA634/9_HHCo0BLhc/s1600/p-0.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fdI5L_kZX5Q/VfbYGaDH4DI/AAAAAAAA634/9_HHCo0BLhc/s320/p-0.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EWqU-V02T_s/VfbYGsgCB5I/AAAAAAAA64A/gpKj9e_L6Xs/s1600/p-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EWqU-V02T_s/VfbYGsgCB5I/AAAAAAAA64A/gpKj9e_L6Xs/s320/p-1.jpg" width="246" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JJGS1j7BMsA/VfbYGrWyJGI/AAAAAAAA638/zJSGFyF6AAo/s1600/p-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JJGS1j7BMsA/VfbYGrWyJGI/AAAAAAAA638/zJSGFyF6AAo/s320/p-2.jpg" width="254" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-onk2wF8sP78/VfbYHhQdLaI/AAAAAAAA64Q/btQ9X2rS-D4/s1600/p-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-onk2wF8sP78/VfbYHhQdLaI/AAAAAAAA64Q/btQ9X2rS-D4/s320/p-3.jpg" width="253" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e4D_ryfmC5A/VfbYIdhKUyI/AAAAAAAA64U/Dzfy1CFd5z0/s1600/p-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e4D_ryfmC5A/VfbYIdhKUyI/AAAAAAAA64U/Dzfy1CFd5z0/s320/p-4.jpg" width="265" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vXgoZydrzrI/VfbYJHSAaLI/AAAAAAAA64g/kPz4n08KZ2g/s1600/p-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vXgoZydrzrI/VfbYJHSAaLI/AAAAAAAA64g/kPz4n08KZ2g/s320/p-5.jpg" width="244" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RsuYld9f6X4/VfbYJzwsX8I/AAAAAAAA64o/2IsEbieJlZQ/s1600/p-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RsuYld9f6X4/VfbYJzwsX8I/AAAAAAAA64o/2IsEbieJlZQ/s320/p-6.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I2xGbJDZ8_8/VfbYKZOkEAI/AAAAAAAA64s/fLwFFD9ogZY/s1600/p-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I2xGbJDZ8_8/VfbYKZOkEAI/AAAAAAAA64s/fLwFFD9ogZY/s320/p-7.jpg" width="280" /></a></div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-69939927251776986522015-09-14T02:05:00.000-07:002015-09-14T06:56:38.302-07:00Negotiation for transfer of powerThe end of the WWII in 1945 also marked the end of freedom struggle of India which commenced under the three leaders, Gndhi, Nehru and Subhas Bose, about a quarter of century (1945) before. The non-violent non cooperation and civil disobedience had practically come to an end in 1933. The violent revolutionary movement , Quit India (do or die) of August 1942 was ruthlessly crushed by the Govt. before the year was over.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k1vzixHucs4/VfaLgGxrfPI/AAAAAAAA63c/KQX6RRP66RE/s1600/gandhi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-k1vzixHucs4/VfaLgGxrfPI/AAAAAAAA63c/KQX6RRP66RE/s320/gandhi.JPG" width="216" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CjPKlMgdFpY/VfaMkiMZSRI/AAAAAAAA63k/4ERAcaECYAs/s1600/subhas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CjPKlMgdFpY/VfaMkiMZSRI/AAAAAAAA63k/4ERAcaECYAs/s320/subhas.jpg" width="235" /></a>The efforts of Subhas Bose to fight the battle for India's freedom with Azad Hind Fauz (INA) with technical assistance from foreign powers also ended in July 1944.<br />
So, the fate of India winning freedom looked gloomy. <br />
There is little doubt that, "the widespread disturbances arising out of the trial of the I.N.A. prisoners , created so dangerous and tense a situation," . In the mean time election to the Central Legislative Assembly were held , and the results were known towards the end of Dec 1945. the cdongress secured 91.3 % of the votes cast in non-muhammadan constituencies and the Muslim league won 86% of the votes in the muslim constituencies . the final figures were;<br />
<u>Present</u> <u>Previous</u><br />
1. Congress 57; Congress 36<br />
2. Muslim League 30; Muslim League 25<br />
3. Independents 5; Independents 21<br />
4. Akali Sikhs 2; Nationalist party 10 <br />
5 Europeans 8; Europeans 8<br />
making a total of 102 elected seats and 100 seats,<br />
Both parties were jubilant over their victories.<br />
A cabinet mission came to India and examined the question of a fully sovereign state of Pakistan.<br />
<u>Table of representation </u><br />
Section A<br />
Province General Muslim Total <br />
Madras 45 4 49<br />
Bombay 19 2 21<br />
United Provinces 47 8 55<br />
Bihar 31 5 36<br />
Cenral Provinces 16 1 17<br />
Orissa 9 0 9<br />
Total 167 20 187<br />
<br />
Section B<br />
Province General Muslim Sikh Total<br />
Punjab 8 16 4 28<br />
NWFP 0 3 0 3<br />
Sind 1 3 0 4<br />
Total 9 22 4 35<br />
Section C<br />
Province General Muslim Total<br />
Bengal 27 33 60<br />
Assam 7 3 10<br />
total for British India 292<br />
Maximum for Indian State 93<br />
Total 385<br />
The Cabinet mission left India on 29 June 1946.<br />
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-52115701397109111702015-09-12T08:53:00.001-07:002015-09-12T08:53:28.638-07:00Last round Talks with three Viceroys<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Lord Linlithgo (18 April 1936 - 1 st Oct 1943)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-p2X9Jp-f-Dk/VfF18wbux4I/AAAAAAAA6zI/iJx-G7SbKyM/s1600/lord%2Blinlithgo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-p2X9Jp-f-Dk/VfF18wbux4I/AAAAAAAA6zI/iJx-G7SbKyM/s1600/lord%2Blinlithgo.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;">Having previously declined both the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Madras" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Governors of Madras">governorship of Madras</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-generalship of Australia</a> (his father was the first Governor-General of Australia),</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> he became the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> on 18 April 1936, succeeding </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Lord Willingdon</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;">. Linlithgow implemented the plans for local self-government embodied in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> of 1935, which led to government led by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> in five of the 11 provinces, but the recalcitrance of the princes prevented the full establishment of Indian self-government.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
With the outbreak of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Linlithgow's appeal for unity led to the resignation of the Congress ministries. On 8 August 1940 Lord Linlithgow made a statement on behalf of the British government. It was known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Offer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="August Offer">August Offer</a> and offered greater rights in the governance of India to the Indian people. The proposal was rejected by most Indian politicians, including the Congress Party and the Muslim League. Disputes between the British administration and Congress ultimately led to massive Indian civil disobedience in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> in 1942. Linlithgow suppressed the disturbances and arrested the Congress leaders.</div>
<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-USd_vKH67Hc/VfF2CR1mpII/AAAAAAAA6zQ/jif50GsdlOM/s1600/lord%2Bwavel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-USd_vKH67Hc/VfF2CR1mpII/AAAAAAAA6zQ/jif50GsdlOM/s1600/lord%2Bwavel.jpg" /></a><br />
Lord Wavell (1st Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947)<br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
In January 1943 Wavell had been promoted to field marshal. When Linlinthgow retired as viceroy in the summer of 1943, Wavell was chosen to replace him, surprisingly, given his poor relationship with Churchill. He himself was again replaced in his military post in June by Auchinleck, who by this point had also experienced setbacks in North Africa. In 1943, Wavell was created a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Viscount">viscount</a> (taking the style Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of Winchester, in the county of Southampton) and in September, he was formally named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a>and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
One of Wavell's first actions in office was to address the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a> by ordering the army to distribute relief supplies to the starving rural Bengalis. He attempted with mixed success to increase the supplies of rice to reduce the prices. During his reign, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> was leading the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quit India">Quit India</a> campaign, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah">Mohammad Ali Jinnah</a> was working for an independent state for the Muslims and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> befriended Japan "and were pressing forward along India's Eastern border".<span style="line-height: 12.8px;">Although Wavell was initially popular with Indian politicians, pressure mounted concerning the likely structure and timing of an independent India. He attempted to move the debate along but received little support from Churchill (who wasagainst Indian independence), nor from</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a><span style="line-height: 12.8px;">, Churchill's successor as Prime Minister. He was also hampered by the differences between the various Indian political factions. At the end of the war, rising Indian expectations continued to be unfulfilled, and inter-communal violence increased. Eventually, in 1947, Attlee lost confidence in Wavell and replaced him with</span><span style="line-height: 12.8px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten of Burma</a><span style="line-height: 12.8px;">.</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTV5jOvVfigWJCLcSR8v0xlDMe3mQVnP7HJvSNrT3qQx8Q548Xw0NTITHY4_TtegaQKcc2lR6_nDuY28YqUayWOO_8oZHdL-qTGX__q5tTL8eUwq4b1jmKWslhCugqitM4JTjuhSeKHZE/s1600/Mountbatten.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTV5jOvVfigWJCLcSR8v0xlDMe3mQVnP7HJvSNrT3qQx8Q548Xw0NTITHY4_TtegaQKcc2lR6_nDuY28YqUayWOO_8oZHdL-qTGX__q5tTL8eUwq4b1jmKWslhCugqitM4JTjuhSeKHZE/s320/Mountbatten.jpg" width="220" /></a><b>Lord Mount Batten (21 Feb 1947 - 15Aug 1947) </b><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
His experience in the region and in particular his perceived <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> sympathies at that time led to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> appointing him <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> on 20 February 1947 charged with overseeing the transition of British India to independence no later than 1948. Mountbatten's instructions emphasised a united India as a result of the transference of power but authorised him to adapt to a changing situation in order to get Britain out promptly with minimal reputational damage. Soon after he arrived, Mountbatten concluded that the situation was too volatile for even that short a wait. Although his advisers favoured a gradual transfer of independence, Mountbatten decided the only way forward was a quick and orderly transfer of independence before 1947 was out. In his view, any longer would mean civil war. The Viceroy also hurried so he could return to his senior technical Navy courses.</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #252525; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountbatten_visiting_Sardar.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="206" data-file-width="300" height="151" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mountbatten_visiting_Sardar.jpg/220px-Mountbatten_visiting_Sardar.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Mountbatten_visiting_Sardar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Mountbatten_visiting_Sardar.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;">
<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountbatten_visiting_Sardar.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Lord and Lady Mountbatten at Mussoorie with Congress leader<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Patel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sardar Patel">Sardar Patel</a>, his daughter <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manibehn_Patel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manibehn Patel">Manibehn Patel</a> and Nehru in the background.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Mountbatten was fond of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> leader<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and his liberal outlook for the country. He felt differently about the Muslim leader<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_Jinnah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammed Ali Jinnah">Muhammed Ali Jinnah</a>, but was aware of his power, stating "If it could be said that any single man held the future of India in the palm of his hand in 1947, that man was Mohammad Ali Jinnah." During his meeting with Jinnah on 5 April 1947, Mountbatten tried to persuade Jinnah of a united India, citing the difficult task of dividing the mixed states of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, but the Muslim leader was unyielding in his goal of establishing a separate Muslim state called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<span style="line-height: 12.8px;">Given the Britishgovernment's recommendations to grant independence quickly, Mountbatten concluded that a united India was an unachievable goal and resigned himself to a plan for partition, creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan.</span><span style="line-height: 12.8px;">Mountbatten set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would convince Indians of his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, excluding all possibilities of stalling the process.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Among the Indian leaders, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> emphatically insisted on maintaining a united India and for a while successfully rallied people to this goal. During his meeting with Mountbatten, Gandhi asked Mountbatten to invite Jinnah to form a new Central government, but Mountbatten never uttered a word of Gandhi's ideas to Jinnah. And when Mountbatten's timeline offered the prospect of attaining independence soon, sentiments took a different turn. Given Mountbatten's determination, Nehru and Patel's inability to deal with the Muslim League and lastly Jinnah's obstinacy, all Indian party leaders (except Gandhi) acquiesced to Jinnah's plan to divide India<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ziegler373_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma#cite_note-Ziegler373-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">]</a></sup> which in turn eased Mountbatten's task. Mountbatten also developed a strong relationship with the Indian princes, who ruled those portions of India not directly under British rule. His intervention was decisive in persuading the vast majority of them to see advantages in opting to join the Indian Union. On one hand, the integration of the princely states can be viewed as one of the positive aspects of his legacy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</a></sup> But on the other, the refusal of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> to join one of the dominions led to future tension between Pakistan and India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Mountbatten brought forward the date of the partition from August 1948 to 15 August 1947.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> The uncertainty of the borders caused Muslims and Hindus to move into the direction where they felt they would get the majority. Hindus and Muslims were thoroughly terrified, and the Muslim movements from the East was balanced by the similar movement of Hindus from the West.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-83388934410276102172015-09-08T01:06:00.000-07:002015-09-10T05:20:07.872-07:00Gandhi and Jinnah talks - 1944<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ON0bZC0Gw1g/Ve7Fg-JzuuI/AAAAAAAA6yI/z324dRYjRIc/s1600/Gandhi_and_Nehru_1942.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ON0bZC0Gw1g/Ve7Fg-JzuuI/AAAAAAAA6yI/z324dRYjRIc/s320/Gandhi_and_Nehru_1942.jpg" width="300" /></a>Gandhi , while in prison, had expressed the desire that the Congress and League should take a unified decision regarding the future of India. But Govt. did not allow him to take any step. Meanwhile Rajagopalachri launched an extensive campaign on the need to arrive at an understanding between the Congress and the League. Many organisations and individuals had suggested to have talks with Gandhi and Jinnah.<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;">Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Bombay">Bombay</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Pune">Pune</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;">. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life. His 50-year-old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 6 days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months' imprisonment on 22 February 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaria">malaria</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> attack. He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. He came out of detention to an altered political scene—the</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now occupied the centre of the political stage"</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;"> and the topic of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8px;">'s campaign for Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi met Jinnah in September 1944 in Bombay but Jinnah rejected, on the grounds that it fell short of a fully independent Pakistan, his proposal of the right of Muslim provinces to opt out of substantial parts of the forthcoming political union</span><br />
Accordingly Gandhi met Jinnah in Sept 1944. The main features of the proposals were as follows;<br />
1. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x1SOiPRBtPU/Ve7FyfBzWhI/AAAAAAAA6yQ/7n6bXfgVdiM/s1600/Gandhi_Rajagopalachari.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x1SOiPRBtPU/Ve7FyfBzWhI/AAAAAAAA6yQ/7n6bXfgVdiM/s320/Gandhi_Rajagopalachari.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4E586UzrJc0/Ve7F0z1-KfI/AAAAAAAA6yY/ShQ1BQdJw-w/s1600/gandhi-jinnah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4E586UzrJc0/Ve7F0z1-KfI/AAAAAAAA6yY/ShQ1BQdJw-w/s320/gandhi-jinnah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-37990880093844723852015-09-02T09:10:00.000-07:002015-09-02T23:16:19.735-07:00Violent outbreak of Quit India movement (contd-1)Gandhi and other leaders were arrested on the morning of 9th August.<br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3m66ilyQlUM/VeffS5QHKWI/AAAAAAAA6vc/kUUuw1EPUKY/s1600/gandhi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3m66ilyQlUM/VeffS5QHKWI/AAAAAAAA6vc/kUUuw1EPUKY/s320/gandhi.JPG" width="216" /></a>On that day, 9th August, there were disturbances in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Poona , but the rest of the country remained quiet .<br />
On 10 August disturbances spread also in Delhi and a few owns in UP, but no serious repercussions were reported in other places.<br />
From August 11, the situation began to deteriorate rapidly. From then onwards, apart from the hartals, protest protest meetings and similar demonstrations. Outbreaks spread Bombay, Madras, U.P., C.P. and other places. The damages and destruction were confined to railways, P & T lines, in different provinces of Assam, Orissa, the Punjab, Bihar, N.W.F.P., etc.Attacks were on communication, transport, and Govt. Properties.<br />
In U.P. 104 railway stations were attacked and damaged , 15 being burnt, 16 derailments were caused, about 100 instances of sabotage to railway tracks were reported. Over 425 cases of sabotage to telephone and telegraph lines. A 190 post offices were destroyed or severely damaged , and 32 employees of the P&T department were attacked. !6 members of the police force and 332 were injured. arrests totalling 16,089 were made in connection with the disturbances through out the province."the 'total amount of collective fine imposed was Rs. 28,32, 000 which was promptly realised<br />
The all India figures of damages and sabotages are as follows;<br />
Railway stations ...... 250<br />
Post offices attacked ...... 50<br />
Post Offices burnt ....... 50<br />
Post Offices damaged ..... 200<br />
Telegram and telephones cut ... 3,500 places<br />
Police stations burnt .... 70<br />
Other Govt. buildings damaged .... 85<br />
With the close of first phase of violent mass disorders three new tendencies became apparent - 1. orthodox non-violent, 2. dev. of serious crimes, 3. drift towards terrorism.<br />
In some particular places movements took the shape of SWARAJ , for long or short periods.<br />
As in Midnapore of W.B., Ballia in U.P.<br />
But the quit India movement ended in failures and Gandhi was destined to play any further activities inn India's Freedom Struggle.<br />
Even Gandhi wrote to Lord Wavell on 27 July 1944 that he was prepared to advise the Working Committee to renounce mass civil disobedience and to give full co-operation in the war effort if a declaration of immediate Indian Independencewere made available.<br />
Gandhi and Jinnah talks started on 9th Sept 1944 but failed.<br />
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-25299572188228815372015-09-01T07:16:00.003-07:002015-09-02T05:50:14.495-07:00Violent outbreak of Quit India movement -1942<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ehTYlGpBCm4/VeW6I2yzerI/AAAAAAAA6u0/Bh7ITqb5nA8/s1600/q-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ehTYlGpBCm4/VeW6I2yzerI/AAAAAAAA6u0/Bh7ITqb5nA8/s320/q-4.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a> launched the 'Quit India' movement. The next day, Gandhi, <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/jawaharlal-nehru" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Nehru</a> and many other leaders of the <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indian-national-congress" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Indian National Congress</a> were arrested by the British Government. Disorderly and non-violent demonstrations took place throughout the country in the following days.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">By the middle of 1942, Japanese troops were approaching the borders of India. Pressure was mounting from China, the United States and Britain to solve the issue of the future status of India before the end of the war. In March 1942, the Prime Minister dispatched Sir <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/stafford-cripps" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Stafford Cripps</a>, a member of the War Cabinet, to India to discuss the British Government's Draft Declaration. The draft granted India Dominion status after the war but otherwise conceded few changes to the British Government Act of 1935. The draft was unacceptable to the Congress Working Committee who rejected it. The failure of the <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/cripps-mission" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Cripps Mission</a> further estranged the <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indian-national-congress" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Congress</a> and the British Government.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZwGWJ-jFrUw/VeW6JYUX8GI/AAAAAAAA6u4/nols2-5byTM/s1600/q-6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZwGWJ-jFrUw/VeW6JYUX8GI/AAAAAAAA6u4/nols2-5byTM/s320/q-6.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/node/246" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Gandhi</a> seized upon the failure of the <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/cripps-mission" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Cripps Mission</a>, the advances of the Japanese in South-East Asia and the general frustration with the British in India. He called for a voluntary British withdrawal from India. From 29 April to 1 May 1942, the All India Congress Committee assembled in Allahabad to discuss the resolution of the Working Committee. Although Gandhi was absent from the meeting, many of his points were admitted into the resolution: the most significant of them being the commitment to non-violence. On 14 July 1942, the Congress Working Committee met again at Wardha and resolved that it would authorize <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Gandhi</a> to take charge of the non-violent mass movement. The Resolution, generally referred to as the 'Quit India' resolution, was to be approved by the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay in August.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HIOuaZVzfbY/VeW6JG6gksI/AAAAAAAA6uw/dawpswphilQ/s1600/q-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HIOuaZVzfbY/VeW6JG6gksI/AAAAAAAA6uw/dawpswphilQ/s1600/q-5.jpg" /></a>On 7 to 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee met in Bombay and ratified the 'Quit India' resolution. <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Gandhi</a> called for 'Do or Die'. The next day, on 9 August 1942, Gandhi, members of the Congress Working Committee and other Congress leaders were arrested by the British Government under the Defence of India Rules. The Working Committee, the All India Congress Committee and the four Provincial Congress Committees were declared unlawful associations under the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908. The assembly of public meetings were prohibited under rule 56 of the Defence of India Rules. The arrest of Gandhi and the Congress leaders led to mass demonstrations throughout India. Thousands were killed and injured in the wake of the 'Quit India' movement. Strikes were called in many places. The British swiftly suppressed many of these demonstrations by mass detentions; more than 100,000 people were imprisoned.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sOzmggsONbU/VeW6J8vMH7I/AAAAAAAA6vA/L2zU4YLWjhs/s1600/q-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sOzmggsONbU/VeW6J8vMH7I/AAAAAAAA6vA/L2zU4YLWjhs/s1600/q-7.jpg" /></a>The 'Quit India' movement, more than anything, united the Indian people against British rule. Although most demonstrations had been suppressed by 1944, upon his release in 1944 <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Gandhi</a> continued his resistance and went on a 21-day fast. By the end of the <a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/second-world-war-1939-1945" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Second World War</a>, Britain's place in the world had changed dramatically and the demand for independence could no longer be ignored.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-5027751302694085772015-09-01T06:16:00.000-07:002015-09-02T06:03:00.270-07:00Gandhi and Quit India Movement<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SOViJmBoQ2E/VeWUAuh7HII/AAAAAAAA6tQ/pMn2HnJ6jBA/s1600/gandhi.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SOViJmBoQ2E/VeWUAuh7HII/AAAAAAAA6tQ/pMn2HnJ6jBA/s320/gandhi.JPG" width="216" /></a></div>
Gandhi lost his leadership in June, 1940 and again on 23 Dec 1941. He wrote an article in Harijan on 19 April 1942 in which he suggested that the safety and interest of Both Britain and India lie in orderly and timely withdrawal of British rule from India.<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G7l2zX2kVX0/VeWdCMEz9uI/AAAAAAAA6ts/3aKrta06fEg/s1600/azad.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G7l2zX2kVX0/VeWdCMEz9uI/AAAAAAAA6ts/3aKrta06fEg/s320/azad.gif" width="245" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lkCj2pKwa1U/VeWZlmLtlYI/AAAAAAAA6tg/az-qod3B-9Y/s1600/nehru.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lkCj2pKwa1U/VeWZlmLtlYI/AAAAAAAA6tg/az-qod3B-9Y/s1600/nehru.jpg" /></a>Gandhi, for the first time , openly declared that there was an end of all ideas of co-operation or friendly understanding between Britain and India which Subhas had persistently tried to make the Congress adopt this policy, but failed. All the Congress leaders took the opinion of Gandhi excepting Jawahar Lal who was still in favour of British.The two ideas clashed in the W.C. at Allahabad (29 April to 2 May 1942) and the draft by Jawaharlal , with some amendment , was accepted rejecting Gandhi's resolution. But Gandhi again recovered his leadership over the Congress to implement his idea of "Quit India" movement. He said on 24 th May , 1942, "Leave India in God's Hand"<br />
Azad, , in a W.C. meeting 6th July, 1942, expressed the idea of "Quit India Movement" as conceived by Gandhi, that he had no clear idea about the programme but mentioned that this time the people would not court imprisonment voluntarily . They should resist arrest and submit to Government only if physically forced to do so.<br />
Referring to the resolution of "Quit India"<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kEqYFovGQ-s/VeWwXPwq37I/AAAAAAAA6uI/XTdNETRfLtY/s1600/q-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">Subhas Bose comments ;</a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kEqYFovGQ-s/VeWwXPwq37I/AAAAAAAA6uI/XTdNETRfLtY/s1600/q-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">" There is no doubt that the Congress resolution came nearest in expressing the wish of the vast majority of the Indian People"</a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kEqYFovGQ-s/VeWwXPwq37I/AAAAAAAA6uI/XTdNETRfLtY/s1600/q-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">Although the resolution passed by the Congress at Wardah was interpreted by gandhi as "Open rebellion."</a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kEqYFovGQ-s/VeWwXPwq37I/AAAAAAAA6uI/XTdNETRfLtY/s1600/q-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kEqYFovGQ-s/VeWwXPwq37I/AAAAAAAA6uI/XTdNETRfLtY/s320/q-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fWaJI7_IUkY/VeWzo3CoXZI/AAAAAAAA6uY/nK52QA-mTBQ/s1600/q-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fWaJI7_IUkY/VeWzo3CoXZI/AAAAAAAA6uY/nK52QA-mTBQ/s320/q-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5XT_6S8Etd4/VeWzo2Nk_II/AAAAAAAA6uc/-FSQQ-Sqoi0/s1600/q-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5XT_6S8Etd4/VeWzo2Nk_II/AAAAAAAA6uc/-FSQQ-Sqoi0/s320/q-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
On 14 th July , 1942, the Working Committee passed a long resolution of "Quit India" with details of programme to be undertaken after their withdrawal which was finally approved at thd A.I.C.C. meeting at Bombay on 7 August 1942.<br />
But the Govt. suddenly removed all the leaders upto Taluk level in cluding Gandhi, Nehru , Azad etc.laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-24332724708417513102015-08-24T08:27:00.000-07:002015-08-30T19:39:43.471-07:00Last phase of the movement of INA and Netaji<img src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-a-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpt1/v/t1.0-9/11885072_10152921399651557_3533315758949426377_n.jpg?oh=2631fc49aa16d6991797697aec638312&oe=5637C253&__gda__=1449391450_ff1a91e92c80ce9d9f255e0370005aff" /><br />
(courtsey Anuj Dhar, Face Book)<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">নেতাজি রাশিয়ায় - জানতেন গান্ধি, নেহরু, প্যাটেল সবাই : অনুজ ধর</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">নেতাজি কোথায়, কী ভাবে, কী দশায় মারা গেছেন, এই প্রশ্নই তাড়িয়ে বেড়াচ্ছে আজও দেশের মানুষকে। একেক সময় একেক তত্ত্ব সামনে এসেছে, যা নিয়ে কয়েকদিন ধরে আমরা একটি সিরিজ় প্রকাশ করছি। কিন্তু এরই মাঝে আরও একবার সাধারণ মানুষের দাবি প্রতিহত</span><br />
On Nov 1, 1944, Netaji accompanied by his top aides , Kiani, Chatterjee, and Habibur Rahman Khan, flew to Tokyo for a series of discussions with Japanese leaders and also to participate in various other events arranged by his Japanese hosts. Returning to his hotel Netaji took a long time composing a letter addressed to the Soviet Ambassador The letter came back unopened within three days through the messenger who went with the letter. The Soviet Union entered the war against Japan violating the non-aggression pact for a possible gift of japan's northern islands to the Soviet Union.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hNrNZfEB1LQ/Vd2_5V_-HeI/AAAAAAAA6ro/dicn-6oQ0Io/s1600/Irrawaddy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hNrNZfEB1LQ/Vd2_5V_-HeI/AAAAAAAA6ro/dicn-6oQ0Io/s320/Irrawaddy.jpg" width="224" /></a>The Provisional Govt. of Free India got a loan of 100 million Yen (worth about $20 million) of which 90 million Yen remained unused when Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. Netaji spent all the remaining funds as discgarge allowance to all members and employees of the INA and the Provisional Govt. Japan waived claims of its repayment.<br />
On 23 rd January 1945, Netaji oberved his 48th Birth day in Rangoon and the people of Rangoon of Indian Origin donated gold and jewels weighing in total in one and half times his weight. Subhas Chandra Bose was a tall and big man weighing about 100 kilograms. Netaji rushed out to join the INA on the <b>Irrawaddy front.</b><br />
Two days later Netaji learned that Japan had radioed its readiness to surrender . In subsequent two days, he discharged civilian employees of his Government , disbanded some 23,000 troops of the INA based in and around Singapore and paid them off. On the eve of the Japanese surrender Netaji held a meeting of his cabinet ans issued a special message to his countrymen in East Asia and assured them to keep up spirits to enslave India in no time. Netaji with six top adjutants arrived by plane in Bangkok shortly after Japan officially surrendered to the Allies at noon on 15 August 1945. Netaji expressed his desire to join the Soviet forces in Manchuria to seek a way for continuing his campaign against Britain.<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-D2DToM1qX1A/Vd3cexNUFuI/AAAAAAAA6r4/0YfItLlnUxE/s1600/A%2Bnewspaper%2Bclip%2Breporting%2Bthe%2Bdeath%2Bof%2BLieutenant%2BGeneral%2BShidei%2Band%2BSubhas%2BChandra%2BBosetaji-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-D2DToM1qX1A/Vd3cexNUFuI/AAAAAAAA6r4/0YfItLlnUxE/s320/A%2Bnewspaper%2Bclip%2Breporting%2Bthe%2Bdeath%2Bof%2BLieutenant%2BGeneral%2BShidei%2Band%2BSubhas%2BChandra%2BBosetaji-1.jpg" width="320" /></a>The plane, with an estimated one metric ton of excess load , took off from Saigon at about 5 p.m. and flew north. About two hrs. later, the bomber touched down at Tourane, a Japanese base roughly midway between Saigon and Hanoi. The plane halted for the night and dismantled about 6oo kilos. By that time Netaji developed a friendship with Shidei <br />
and talked in the room of the barrack which they shared. The plane left at 2 p.m. but involved in sn accident shortly after take off allegedly killing Netaji, General Shidei, two pilots and two other crews keeping Habibur Rahman , Nonogaki, Kono and five other persons with minor-to-serious injuries.<br />
<b>( A newspaper clip reporting the death of Lieutenant General Shidei and Subhas Chandra Bose) </b><br />
This story of the death of Netaji is yet to be proved.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-27414275197250302872015-08-22T23:04:00.004-07:002015-08-27T20:22:51.902-07:00Moirang (pictures) under INA control for three months<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aDPvrksBBP0/VdliKx85sqI/AAAAAAAA6lo/mqldG3Ce1y4/s1600/m-0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aDPvrksBBP0/VdliKx85sqI/AAAAAAAA6lo/mqldG3Ce1y4/s320/m-0.jpg" width="247" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s4F8yQpZswc/VdliLrRyb1I/AAAAAAAA6l8/Ey7vI-fmNU4/s1600/m-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s4F8yQpZswc/VdliLrRyb1I/AAAAAAAA6l8/Ey7vI-fmNU4/s320/m-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2MUjgHSksWA/VdliM8vDn8I/AAAAAAAA6mQ/sTTZPMFvN-U/s1600/m-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2MUjgHSksWA/VdliM8vDn8I/AAAAAAAA6mQ/sTTZPMFvN-U/s320/m-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N9yPQh32lx4/VdliNbPkaXI/AAAAAAAA6mg/mTkzeCU8YNw/s1600/m-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N9yPQh32lx4/VdliNbPkaXI/AAAAAAAA6mg/mTkzeCU8YNw/s320/m-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6uGILUE37AQ/VdliNiLiFHI/AAAAAAAA6mo/ar1CaGa9eoA/s1600/m-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6uGILUE37AQ/VdliNiLiFHI/AAAAAAAA6mo/ar1CaGa9eoA/s320/m-4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4ZIthcsvbnY/VdliPBM_o8I/AAAAAAAA6m4/qQM7oxhJW5c/s1600/m-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4ZIthcsvbnY/VdliPBM_o8I/AAAAAAAA6m4/qQM7oxhJW5c/s320/m-5.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pIgqQMK3zzI/VdliPe6Y5WI/AAAAAAAA6nE/K27T1TORAkQ/s1600/m-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pIgqQMK3zzI/VdliPe6Y5WI/AAAAAAAA6nE/K27T1TORAkQ/s320/m-6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fLFU_Z3kQoM/VdliOy3HNII/AAAAAAAA6m0/7FASNKWxRFg/s1600/m-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fLFU_Z3kQoM/VdliOy3HNII/AAAAAAAA6m0/7FASNKWxRFg/s320/m-7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLwBhwXl3EY/VdliPrJq_yI/AAAAAAAA6nI/-XuyDcPlork/s1600/m-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZLwBhwXl3EY/VdliPrJq_yI/AAAAAAAA6nI/-XuyDcPlork/s320/m-8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tE428HAl108/VdliQOgU2lI/AAAAAAAA6nM/fRBQ_0wJW2o/s1600/m-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tE428HAl108/VdliQOgU2lI/AAAAAAAA6nM/fRBQ_0wJW2o/s320/m-9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aseFVgipd4w/VdliKmISEJI/AAAAAAAA6lk/YNajGIVEvnM/s1600/m-10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aseFVgipd4w/VdliKmISEJI/AAAAAAAA6lk/YNajGIVEvnM/s320/m-10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2KCR38DpCok/VdliLoAErsI/AAAAAAAA6l0/S_zMWyGO4yM/s1600/m-11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2KCR38DpCok/VdliLoAErsI/AAAAAAAA6l0/S_zMWyGO4yM/s320/m-11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gtaGApKY9hU/VdliL7FM0LI/AAAAAAAA6l4/63lCrJQsvv4/s1600/m-12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gtaGApKY9hU/VdliL7FM0LI/AAAAAAAA6l4/63lCrJQsvv4/s320/m-12.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PUcUjTYkLDk/VdliMjqgxHI/AAAAAAAA6mM/LlriuZ110Ro/s1600/m-13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PUcUjTYkLDk/VdliMjqgxHI/AAAAAAAA6mM/LlriuZ110Ro/s320/m-13.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V5A-gz5EDyg/VdliMkKxdbI/AAAAAAAA6mI/ExNMSI9LlKk/s1600/m-14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="72" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V5A-gz5EDyg/VdliMkKxdbI/AAAAAAAA6mI/ExNMSI9LlKk/s320/m-14.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cSoxYU9VQ88/VdliRJTYt2I/AAAAAAAA6nc/_DWzcND0vB4/s1600/nagaland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cSoxYU9VQ88/VdliRJTYt2I/AAAAAAAA6nc/_DWzcND0vB4/s320/nagaland.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-85559092220312246792015-08-22T09:03:00.000-07:002015-08-28T06:34:04.752-07:00Last days of struggle of INA<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bWKums1_oXE/VdiLrzKXe2I/AAAAAAAA6k0/IB7SKdXwnfo/s1600/irrawady.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bWKums1_oXE/VdiLrzKXe2I/AAAAAAAA6k0/IB7SKdXwnfo/s320/irrawady.jpg" width="224" /></a></div>
A loan of 100 million yen (then worth about $ 20 million ) About 90 million yen remained unused when Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945, Netaji spent all the remaining funds as discharge allowance to all members and employees of the INA and the Provisional Govt. . Japan waived claims to its repayment.<br />
On 23 Jan 1945, Netaji observed his 48th birth day . Indian Residents of Rangoon held a rally and donated gold and jewels weighing in total one and half times his weight i.e., about 100 Kilograms. Netaji rushed out to join the vINA troops on the Irrawadi front after learning that the First Division along with the Japanese 15th were falling back under the powerful push of the enemy. When he finished inspection of the new position of the INA at Pyinmana, Netaji declared , "I will fight to the death here, right here. In the Irish revolution , new patriots continued to emerge and climbed over the fallen comrades - until they won. I am convinced that the same will happen to our<br />
campaign ".<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-26vFjUi9j-E/VdiYMcs9G9I/AAAAAAAA6lE/7JvU2-pKdlw/s1600/sittang%2Briver.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-26vFjUi9j-E/VdiYMcs9G9I/AAAAAAAA6lE/7JvU2-pKdlw/s320/sittang%2Briver.png" width="320" /></a>On 29th April, 1945, General Heitaro Kimura who relieved Kawabe as the Commander-in- Chief of Japanese Army Forces in Burma, advised Netaji of his decision to withdraw from Rangoon , adding that Ba Maw had already left. Kimura urged Netaji to also withdraw along with his troops to Thailand. Kimura took sufficient times for acceptance of Netaji to withdraw his troops.<br />
Netaji's car had covered just about 100 Kilometers when it reached <b>Sittang River</b><br />
where bridges were down. <br />
The Soviet Union entered the war against Japan on 9 August 1945 and forces at once invaded Manchuria and Northern Japanese Islands. <br />
<h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Last_months_with_the_Indian_National_Army">Last months with the Indian National Army</span></h3>
<table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody>
<tr><td><table style="border-collapse: collapse; float: left; font-size: 14px; margin: 3px; width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: 200px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><div class="center" style="width: 198.857147216797px;">
<div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Map of Central Burma showing the route taken by Subhas Chandra Bose and his Indian National Army (INA) group of 500 from Rangoon to Moulmein. The group traveled in a Japanese military convoy until they reached the river Sittang. After crossing the river, they walked the remaining 80 miles. At Moulmein, Bose, his party, and another INA group of 500, boarded Japanese trains on the Death Railway (which had been constructed earlier by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war) to arrive in Bangkok in the first week of May 1945."><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1188" data-file-width="1466" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg/180px-Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg/270px-Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg/360px-Map_showing_Subhas_Chandra_Bose%27s_exit_from_Burma_in_late_April_1945.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="display: block; font-size: 1em; padding: 0px;"><div class="gallerytext" style="border: 0px none; font-size: 13.1599988937378px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 6px 1px; width: 187px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Map of Central Burma showing the route taken by Subhas Chandra Bose and his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) group of 500 from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> to<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulmein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a>. The group traveled in a Japanese military convoy until they reached the river<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittaung_River" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sittaung River">Sittang</a>. After crossing the river, they walked the remaining 80 miles. At Moulmein, Bose, his party, and another INA group of 500, boarded Japanese trains on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Railway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma Railway">Death Railway</a> (which had been constructed earlier by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war) to arrive in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> in the first week of May 1945. </div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
During the last week of April 1945, Subhas Chandra Bose along with his senior <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) officers, several hundred enlisted INA men, and one hundred women from the INA's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a> left<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> by road for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulmein" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a> in Burma. Accompanied by Lieutenant General Saburo Isoda, the head of the Japanese-INA liaison organization <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikari_Kikan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a>, their Japanese military convoy was able to reach the right bank of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittaung_River" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sittaung River">Sittang river</a>, albeit slowly. (See map 1.) However, very few vehicles were able to cross the river because of American strafing runs. Bose and his party walked the remaining 80 miles (130 km) to Moulmein over the next week. Moulmein then was the terminus of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Railway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma Railway">Death Railway</a>, constructed earlier by British, Australian, and Dutch prisoners of war, linking Burma to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siam">Siam</a> (now Thailand). At Moulmein, Bose's group was also joined by 500 men from the X-regiment, INA's first guerrilla regiment, who arrived from a different location in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lower Burma">Lower Burma</a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
A year and a half earlier, 16,000 INA men and 100 women had entered Burma from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>. Now, less than one tenth that number left the country, arriving in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>during the first week of May. The remaining nine tenths were either killed in action, died from malnutrition or injuries after the battles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a> and<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a>. Others were captured by the British, turned themselves in, or simply disappeared. Bose stayed in Bangkok for a month, where soon after his arrival he heard the news of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Germany's surrender</a> on May<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>8. Bose spent the next two months between June and July 1945 in Singapore, and in both places attempted to raise funds for billeting his soldiers or rehabilitating them if they chose to return to civilian life, which most of the women did. In his nightly radio broadcasts, Bose spoke with increasing virulence against Gandhi, who had been released from jail in 1944, and was engaged in talks with British administrators, envoys and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> leaders. Some senior INA officers began to feel frustrated or disillusioned with Bose and to prepare quietly for the arrival of the British and its consequences.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
During the first two weeks of August 1945, events began to unfold rapidly. With the British threatening to invade Malaya and with daily American aerial bombings, Bose's presence in Singapore became riskier by the day. His chief of staff <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Bhonsle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="J. R. Bhonsle">J. R. Bhonsle</a> suggested that he prepare to leave Singapore. On 3<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>August 1945, Bose received a cable from General Isoda advising him to urgently evacuate to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> in Japanese-controlled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (now Vietnam). On 10<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>August, Bose learnt that the Soviet Union had entered the war and<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchuria</a>. At the same time he heard about the atomic bombings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. Finally, on 16<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>August, after being informed of the unconditional surrender of Japan, Bose decided to leave for Saigon along with a handful of his aides.</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6lE4iZyANOg/VeBf0eJtvPI/AAAAAAAA6sU/OuRWkiglcqo/s1600/b-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6lE4iZyANOg/VeBf0eJtvPI/AAAAAAAA6sU/OuRWkiglcqo/s320/b-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y6nKjm90XLQ/VeBf6L7E3cI/AAAAAAAA6sg/_TY4ltgszBM/s1600/b-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y6nKjm90XLQ/VeBf6L7E3cI/AAAAAAAA6sg/_TY4ltgszBM/s320/b-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CsCQgcWIGe0/VeBf5tWGJzI/AAAAAAAA6sc/8v9hRmFUEBw/s1600/b-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CsCQgcWIGe0/VeBf5tWGJzI/AAAAAAAA6sc/8v9hRmFUEBw/s320/b-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-79134500291451922882015-08-22T04:00:00.000-07:002015-08-22T07:45:13.681-07:00Tricolour Flag hoisted in Moirang, Assam , India.<div class="clearfix _5x46" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.0799999237061px; margin-bottom: 11px; zoom: 1;">
<a aria-describedby="js_6" aria-haspopup="true" aria-hidden="true" aria-owns="js_5" class="_5pb8 _5v9u _29h _303" data-ft="{"tn":"\u003C"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=275616682478218" href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Netaji-Subhas-Chandra-Bose-All-Power-to-the-Indian-People/275616682478218?ref=nf" id="js_7" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; float: left; margin-right: 8px; position: relative; text-decoration: none;" tabindex="0"><img alt="" class="_s0 _5xib _5sq7 _rw img" src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-xfa1/v/t1.0-1/c41.11.138.138/s50x50/166897_275617079144845_714122069_n.jpg?oh=370ea989899395ed779876e18beebac5&oe=567D78E1&__gda__=1446839725_751a2b6b9703b1d5c5231a2917361947" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 40px; width: 40px;" /></a><br />
<div class="_3dp _29k" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top; width: 10000px;">
<div class="_6a" style="display: inline-block;">
<div class="_6a _6b" style="display: inline-block; height: 40px; vertical-align: middle;">
</div>
<div class="_6a _6b" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;">
<h5 class="_5pbw" data-ft="{"tn":"C"}" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin: 0px 0px 2px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px;">
<div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3;">
<span class="fwb fcg" data-ft="{"tn":"k"}" style="font-weight: bold;"><a aria-describedby="js_3" aria-haspopup="true" aria-owns="js_2" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=275616682478218&extragetparams=%7B%22fref%22%3A%22nf%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Netaji-Subhas-Chandra-Bose-All-Power-to-the-Indian-People/275616682478218?fref=nf" id="js_4" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose - All Power to the Indian People</a></span></div>
</h5>
<div class="_5pcp" style="color: #9197a3; position: relative;">
<span class="fsm fwn fcg"><a class="_5pcq" href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=381849335188285&id=275616682478218" style="color: #9197a3; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="">16 April 2012</a></span> · <a aria-label="Public" class="uiStreamPrivacy inlineBlock fbStreamPrivacy fbPrivacyAudienceIndicator _5pcq" data-hover="tooltip" href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=381849335188285&id=275616682478218#" role="button" style="color: #9197a3; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; zoom: 1;"><i class="lock img sp_-e0kEDPCYsX sx_fdf85f" style="background-image: url(https://fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net/rsrc.php/v2/yd/r/acNd-cSTdHq.png); background-position: -13px -197px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto; bottom: -1px; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-bottom: -5px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 12px;"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="_5pbx userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.38; overflow: hidden;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 6px;">
MOIRANG DAY, 14 April 1944</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
On 14 April 1944 Colonel Mallick of the Indian National Army had hoisted the national tricolour with the symbolic Springing Tiger at the historic Moirang Kangla (ancient seat of power) in Manipur. It was a very proud moment in India’s struggle for independence – the INA had finally reached the sacred soil of mainland India and held it for a time as a liberated area from British control. The advancing INA and Japanese forces had fought and pushed the British out of Moirang and their camps on the hills of Manipur. The INA was welcomed by the freedom fighters of Manipur which had itself a long history of struggle against the foreign occupiers.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Xq_GGYVoNj0/VdhdfPlQNEI/AAAAAAAA6kM/GQI2g9NuHec/s1600/moirang%252C%2Bkohima-The%2Bleading%2BBritish%2Band%2BIndian%2Btroops%2Bof%2BIV%2BCorps%2Band%2BXXXIII%2BCorps%2Bmet%2Bat%2BMilestone%2B109%2Bon%2Bthe%2BDimapur-Imphal%2Broad%2Bon%2B22%2BJune%252C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsiege%2Bof%2BImphal%2Bwas%2Braised.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Xq_GGYVoNj0/VdhdfPlQNEI/AAAAAAAA6kM/GQI2g9NuHec/s320/moirang%252C%2Bkohima-The%2Bleading%2BBritish%2Band%2BIndian%2Btroops%2Bof%2BIV%2BCorps%2Band%2BXXXIII%2BCorps%2Bmet%2Bat%2BMilestone%2B109%2Bon%2Bthe%2BDimapur-Imphal%2Broad%2Bon%2B22%2BJune%252C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsiege%2Bof%2BImphal%2Bwas%2Braised.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
In raising the Tricolour Colonel Mallick said:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
“…The Indian National Army with the unstinted support of the Japanese Government has now crossed the Indo-Burmese border and in the course of its struggle for the liberation of the people of India from the British yoke we have now reached Moirang, the ancient citadel of Manipur. Our commitment is to march to Delhi and unfurl the Tri-Colour flag there at Lal Killa. Many had died on our way to reach here (Moirang) and many would die on our way to Delhi. However, expulsion of the enemy from the sacred soil of India is a compulsion for us. We shall fight and the people of Manipur would provide supplies to us….Freedom of India is very near; near at hand and we shall win it …”<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fekrub8YVCI/Vdhw1xdObeI/AAAAAAAA6kc/AXUuxubyJSo/s1600/moirang-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I-8FyCw1dfU/Vdhw2t6cBDI/AAAAAAAA6kg/F8qtBX23LLg/s1600/moirang-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-I-8FyCw1dfU/Vdhw2t6cBDI/AAAAAAAA6kg/F8qtBX23LLg/s320/moirang-2.jpg" width="240" /></a><img border="0" height="212" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fekrub8YVCI/Vdhw1xdObeI/AAAAAAAA6kc/AXUuxubyJSo/s320/moirang-1.jpg" width="320" />Moirang remained the ‘advance Headquarters of the INA’ for about three months and the Provisional Government of Azad Hind administered all the liberated areas of Manipur during this time. The people of Manipur from its hills and valleys extended all types of support and cooperation to the INA including food, donations and other materials. Even a couple of hundred Manipuris joined the INA movement.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Today at the scared site where Colonel Mallick had hoisted the Indian flag stands the INA Memorial. I had the privilege of visiting Moirang in April 1993 on the invitation of the Manipur Government. A few miscreants had damaged Netaji’s statue and the Manipur Government had installed a new statue. On this auspicious occasion, many Manipuris were present and it was an emotional experience for me to see how much the local people respected and revered their leader- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
Not much is known about the role of the INA and its remarkable entry into India in early 1944 and its success in liberating a part of that region, though it was short-lived. The Netaji Subhas Foundation could encourage and support research and documentation of this glorious phase of INA history.</div>
<div style="display: inline; margin-top: 6px;">
( This article was taken from Chandra Kumar Bose<br />
14 April 2012)</div>
</div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-45363922614804798322015-08-21T06:40:00.000-07:002015-08-22T06:13:04.397-07:00INA crosses Indo-Burma Border<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hI8exmNReTw/VdXb4SUGHWI/AAAAAAAA6Y4/7Wc7uftRR78/s1600/DSC06570%2B%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hI8exmNReTw/VdXb4SUGHWI/AAAAAAAA6Y4/7Wc7uftRR78/s320/DSC06570%2B%25282%2529.JPG" width="247" /></a></div>
the Imphal operationwas the final offensive of the East Asia war which lasted from 15th March to 9 th July 1944. Japanese code name was operation U.<br />
After the Provisional Govt of Free India moved into Burma for facilitating the joint operations of the INA and the Japanese Army, three battalions of the 15th Army were deployed on the left bank of Chindwin River. Of these the 31st division was deployed to attack Imphal from the east The 33rd division on the left wing had already crossed the River.The INA under the Command of Netaji was deployed for joint operations with the Japanese army. Emboldened by this success , the first line troops started on a march towards the Indo-Burma border at 9.30 p.m. on 15th March 1944. The INA finally crossed the border and set foot on Indian soil on 18th March 1944 - a red letter day. <br />
Netaji announced this momentous news to the world. The statement issued in Rangoon on 22 March was lashed back to India.<br />
Netaji made his proclamation to Indians in liberated territories on 4 April.<br />
Netaji appointed Lt. Col. Chatterjee as the Governor of liberated India.<br />
A Rani of Jhansi camp was opened in Rangoon and camps were opened all over East Asia for the speedy training of Indian civilian youth.<br />
Netaji established his first National Bank of Azad Hind in Rangoon on 5 April, and the same day he left for the fighting front and moved his headquarters nearer the firing line. This time he took with him a contingent of fully trained and equipped Ranis of Jhansis. This time Japan presented Netaji with an Aeroplane. Netaji proceeded to Maymyo shifting a part of the Provisional Govt. of Free India.<br />
On 8 April, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters made the following announcement regarding the military development in Burma ;<br />
1. Our crack troops , fighting side by side with the Indian National Army, Captured Kohima early on 6 April,<br />
2. Our attack on the enemy's airborne troops in the Kata area is moving along smoothly.<br />
In the meantime, Indo-Japanese liberation operations came to a standstill , within three miles of Imphal. The monsoon had already set in The torrential rains of Burma cut off the supply lines of INA. As a result INA was ordered to withdraw. This debacle took place june-july 1944.suffering from acute malaria and dysentery, the wounded battle scarred heroes began trekking back to Mandalay and Rangoon.<br />
Some soldiers of the INA Kiani Division operating to parel surendered to the enemy.<br />
Netaji planned to reshuffle the Provisional govt into activities of liberated territories and the fighting division.<br />
At the critical moment Netaji wrote a letter to Mahatma Gandhi apprising him of the situation. the message said , " after the sad demise of Shrimati Kasturba in British custody ...."<br />
The war situation became worse in 18th July followed by the Govt. of Tojo. <br />
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-31306939347694434472015-08-20T05:46:00.001-07:002015-08-20T05:46:46.530-07:00Provisional Govt. of Free India<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-S_y72GbXX_M/VdSd0iVA8fI/AAAAAAAA6Yg/hYmP_gCv2D4/s1600/Mutaguchi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-S_y72GbXX_M/VdSd0iVA8fI/AAAAAAAA6Yg/hYmP_gCv2D4/s1600/Mutaguchi.jpg" /></a></div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oFeiLujBrCU/VdNGkVz5jwI/AAAAAAAA6X8/Z8MoG5r9GGE/s1600/p-217%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oFeiLujBrCU/VdNGkVz5jwI/AAAAAAAA6X8/Z8MoG5r9GGE/s320/p-217%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iqpYLIKOfhM/VdNHRH_tKbI/AAAAAAAA6YM/SUiDEAP_L2U/s1600/p-222%2B%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iqpYLIKOfhM/VdNHRH_tKbI/AAAAAAAA6YM/SUiDEAP_L2U/s320/p-222%2B%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a>It was on 7 Jan 1944 that thee Provisional Govt of Free India moved in Netaji declared Independenceangoon. Netaji had always planned to use Burma as a springboard to jump at the enemy in India.Now, with this he made a step forward to India. After moving into Burma, Netaji declared independence in August. <br />
However, the 15th Army , commanded by Lt. Gen.Mutaguchi ( 1888-1966), which was in charge of the defence of Burma,found it a difficult task to build a defence line strong enough to hold against the enemy because of the paucity of of manpower, numerical inferiority in air power and inadequate logistical support from the rear.<br />
Meanwhile, indications of the enemy's counter-attack were increasing by the day. It was earlyin Jan 1944 that final orders were issued for the regional Army Command in Burma to attack Imphal on 10 March. 1. The operation was already delayed by two months in rain-affected area, 2. it was a joint operation of the INA and the Japanese Army.<br />
The Regional Army Command was first formed in March 1943 and Gen Kawabe was named its commander. Before his departure from Tokyo for Burma to assume the command, Gen. Kaabe was summoned by Premier Tojo and told that " the real purpose of the military operations in Burma is to pave the way for Indian Independence movement". Aware of the significance of his mission , Gen.Kawabe left for Burma. <br />
In Rangoon, in May, the representatives of the INA visited him . The Japanese made it a principle to help India to achieve its freedom.nce they decided to put the entire territory occupied by them under Indian territory. Gen. Kawabe was highly impressed by Netaji's imposing personality, broad vision, and passion for Independence, and promised to extent Netaji put some conditions to Japanese general,<br />
Netaji arrived in Rangoon on 7 January The Indian National army should be the spearheaded of the whole advance into India. the first drop of blood to be shed on Indian soil should be that of a member of INA, he wrote an article, march forward" on 17th Jan<br />
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-28041442619228696982015-08-13T09:12:00.001-07:002015-08-13T10:01:29.645-07:00Pictures of Last Phase Of Freedom Struggle by INA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lXsAyq5cPx8/VczDNC8LSSI/AAAAAAAA54M/TgLvjtq8XVA/s1600/IMG_0001%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lXsAyq5cPx8/VczDNC8LSSI/AAAAAAAA54M/TgLvjtq8XVA/s320/IMG_0001%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZG6rYy4JOn4/VczDMgUd8ZI/AAAAAAAA54I/TjFXW4_q2Kc/s1600/IMG_0001%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZG6rYy4JOn4/VczDMgUd8ZI/AAAAAAAA54I/TjFXW4_q2Kc/s320/IMG_0001%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E-xOtYdH3ck/VczDFYOaoiI/AAAAAAAA54A/K4r5P1TFrJE/s1600/IMG_0002%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="105" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E-xOtYdH3ck/VczDFYOaoiI/AAAAAAAA54A/K4r5P1TFrJE/s320/IMG_0002%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3S0kIHezZ_I/VczDQAYDJwI/AAAAAAAA54c/-doVIcaq_ag/s1600/IMG_0002%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3S0kIHezZ_I/VczDQAYDJwI/AAAAAAAA54c/-doVIcaq_ag/s320/IMG_0002%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="193" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ev0vlWcwSBU/VczDQCoNW_I/AAAAAAAA54Y/BaHwYiL7tvY/s1600/IMG_0002%2B%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ev0vlWcwSBU/VczDQCoNW_I/AAAAAAAA54Y/BaHwYiL7tvY/s320/IMG_0002%2B%25284%2529.jpg" width="249" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xdOhNiGbkWM/VczDhgE459I/AAAAAAAA544/LUq10qXkbbE/s1600/IMG_0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xdOhNiGbkWM/VczDhgE459I/AAAAAAAA544/LUq10qXkbbE/s320/IMG_0002.jpg" width="247" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YXHii-6nkQ0/VczDZLdnjcI/AAAAAAAA54s/4HevF--i3JY/s1600/IMG_0003%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YXHii-6nkQ0/VczDZLdnjcI/AAAAAAAA54s/4HevF--i3JY/s320/IMG_0003%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vOHyWDLyEOo/VczDYWbtX7I/AAAAAAAA54o/4s43Agqsvjc/s1600/IMG_0003%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vOHyWDLyEOo/VczDYWbtX7I/AAAAAAAA54o/4s43Agqsvjc/s320/IMG_0003%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0BvdD1b2gOk/VczDl_Dsw5I/AAAAAAAA55A/T3QD5gAFrZQ/s1600/IMG_0003%2B%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0BvdD1b2gOk/VczDl_Dsw5I/AAAAAAAA55A/T3QD5gAFrZQ/s320/IMG_0003%2B%25284%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YtgXECht3js/VczDnv2XLqI/AAAAAAAA55I/f-J5tYd1kFc/s1600/IMG_0004%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YtgXECht3js/VczDnv2XLqI/AAAAAAAA55I/f-J5tYd1kFc/s320/IMG_0004%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WtOOBfCHI5c/VczDvG74YOI/AAAAAAAA55Q/dZYxBhFiX00/s1600/IMG_0004%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WtOOBfCHI5c/VczDvG74YOI/AAAAAAAA55Q/dZYxBhFiX00/s320/IMG_0004%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-epxYWDWhmDM/VczDxuevrlI/AAAAAAAA55Y/29IXXDHrq7U/s1600/IMG_0005%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-epxYWDWhmDM/VczDxuevrlI/AAAAAAAA55Y/29IXXDHrq7U/s320/IMG_0005%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2XpdrSNVsWs/VczD0TihQhI/AAAAAAAA55g/Km0Vptq8kDU/s1600/IMG_0005%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2XpdrSNVsWs/VczD0TihQhI/AAAAAAAA55g/Km0Vptq8kDU/s320/IMG_0005%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ajd5ptsqZAo/VczD81cBIRI/AAAAAAAA55o/yJEVcmD_0Mc/s1600/IMG_0006%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ajd5ptsqZAo/VczD81cBIRI/AAAAAAAA55o/yJEVcmD_0Mc/s320/IMG_0006%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E5KRrtjzUV8/VczD-k8nVXI/AAAAAAAA55w/Ir9OPGPY4i4/s1600/IMG_0006%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E5KRrtjzUV8/VczD-k8nVXI/AAAAAAAA55w/Ir9OPGPY4i4/s320/IMG_0006%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M_tM6TJ5RtA/VczEB__7xfI/AAAAAAAA554/Bv_-qlRNUgs/s1600/IMG_0007%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M_tM6TJ5RtA/VczEB__7xfI/AAAAAAAA554/Bv_-qlRNUgs/s320/IMG_0007%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oR7ZsYPRFPk/VczEKncw66I/AAAAAAAA56A/7OXSWHy-KeI/s1600/IMG_0007%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oR7ZsYPRFPk/VczEKncw66I/AAAAAAAA56A/7OXSWHy-KeI/s320/IMG_0007%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dAlVzgv30RY/VczELSiCGaI/AAAAAAAA56E/ylW5uBw9QDI/s1600/IMG_0008%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dAlVzgv30RY/VczELSiCGaI/AAAAAAAA56E/ylW5uBw9QDI/s320/IMG_0008%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A_exCRognao/VczEPqShgAI/AAAAAAAA56Q/EKfwwofmVhA/s1600/IMG_0008%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A_exCRognao/VczEPqShgAI/AAAAAAAA56Q/EKfwwofmVhA/s320/IMG_0008%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EBEhQ8RIxYE/VczEZVOFdqI/AAAAAAAA56Y/yElbE-cW-hE/s1600/IMG_0009%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EBEhQ8RIxYE/VczEZVOFdqI/AAAAAAAA56Y/yElbE-cW-hE/s320/IMG_0009%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sdom6-GMexk/VczEaoq1smI/AAAAAAAA56g/0B0nzmF0vvo/s1600/IMG_0009%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sdom6-GMexk/VczEaoq1smI/AAAAAAAA56g/0B0nzmF0vvo/s320/IMG_0009%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yHCArcwo210/VczEepl0X9I/AAAAAAAA56o/WFrL7c1KmZ4/s1600/IMG_0010%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yHCArcwo210/VczEepl0X9I/AAAAAAAA56o/WFrL7c1KmZ4/s320/IMG_0010%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YTM27KNa2Sk/VczEmgqY27I/AAAAAAAA56w/-NZQQq4mLMg/s1600/IMG_0010%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YTM27KNa2Sk/VczEmgqY27I/AAAAAAAA56w/-NZQQq4mLMg/s320/IMG_0010%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-stmSD242_EI/VczEoGt0GWI/AAAAAAAA564/0J40RLIb5c0/s1600/IMG_0011%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-stmSD242_EI/VczEoGt0GWI/AAAAAAAA564/0J40RLIb5c0/s320/IMG_0011%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4QSiPj0HMzo/VczEsWIMS3I/AAAAAAAA57A/Ol7WOqtlOeM/s1600/IMG_0011%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4QSiPj0HMzo/VczEsWIMS3I/AAAAAAAA57A/Ol7WOqtlOeM/s320/IMG_0011%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t6ULSD3hbao/VczE0tQripI/AAAAAAAA57I/QCnMky2_L5M/s1600/IMG_0012%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t6ULSD3hbao/VczE0tQripI/AAAAAAAA57I/QCnMky2_L5M/s320/IMG_0012%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i5FfBFnfrVg/VczE04BUwrI/AAAAAAAA57M/MI0Jn7_UCdU/s1600/IMG_0012%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i5FfBFnfrVg/VczE04BUwrI/AAAAAAAA57M/MI0Jn7_UCdU/s320/IMG_0012%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ynla-6utCg4/VczE45x9--I/AAAAAAAA57Y/N6-ciUOtRJk/s1600/IMG_0013%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ynla-6utCg4/VczE45x9--I/AAAAAAAA57Y/N6-ciUOtRJk/s320/IMG_0013%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CYXtS66Rjv8/VczFDfMfhII/AAAAAAAA57g/TP4WulgqD4M/s1600/IMG_0013%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CYXtS66Rjv8/VczFDfMfhII/AAAAAAAA57g/TP4WulgqD4M/s320/IMG_0013%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2a7cIENT_Pw/VczFDmlZM6I/AAAAAAAA57o/4zK0zIFklnc/s1600/IMG_0014%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2a7cIENT_Pw/VczFDmlZM6I/AAAAAAAA57o/4zK0zIFklnc/s320/IMG_0014%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wHYE_jd4dEU/VczFDQc2qKI/AAAAAAAA57k/XEIyAr1AHDQ/s1600/IMG_0014%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wHYE_jd4dEU/VczFDQc2qKI/AAAAAAAA57k/XEIyAr1AHDQ/s320/IMG_0014%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeCC7A4cyZ9RqgHbQaUvVi1WvdCY9e-T5J0q8kG5-V2qDYBpe4C8kuXPMg59fbUrK97StdQSSYHELU8nEslvHVlwRsbO_W6g-1lEfkaDBBhR_KaYSRlxPK95DsxIhp2yDh2ntGidMOHo/s1600/IMG_0015+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeCC7A4cyZ9RqgHbQaUvVi1WvdCY9e-T5J0q8kG5-V2qDYBpe4C8kuXPMg59fbUrK97StdQSSYHELU8nEslvHVlwRsbO_W6g-1lEfkaDBBhR_KaYSRlxPK95DsxIhp2yDh2ntGidMOHo/s320/IMG_0015+%25282%2529.jpg" width="227" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RDAV-jelvQU/VczFSv5U4eI/AAAAAAAA578/RJaa_UIBI70/s1600/IMG_0016%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RDAV-jelvQU/VczFSv5U4eI/AAAAAAAA578/RJaa_UIBI70/s320/IMG_0016%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l2iUuhU7elw/VczFSXHFnMI/AAAAAAAA574/dgxPZiNK3fY/s1600/IMG_0016%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l2iUuhU7elw/VczFSXHFnMI/AAAAAAAA574/dgxPZiNK3fY/s320/IMG_0016%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wkVWyI096X0/VczFgNLW5LI/AAAAAAAA58Y/h2lvpDgqUW0/s1600/IMG_0017%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wkVWyI096X0/VczFgNLW5LI/AAAAAAAA58Y/h2lvpDgqUW0/s320/IMG_0017%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sijFu8KzAzw/VczFeGBKEFI/AAAAAAAA58Q/TSNfVTV89-8/s1600/IMG_0017%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sijFu8KzAzw/VczFeGBKEFI/AAAAAAAA58Q/TSNfVTV89-8/s320/IMG_0017%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tfVc5BX4e28/VczFv2Ad3GI/AAAAAAAA58w/v8cSffSforg/s1600/IMG_0018%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tfVc5BX4e28/VczFv2Ad3GI/AAAAAAAA58w/v8cSffSforg/s320/IMG_0018%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="241" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vPt3hv-jakQ/VczFs0fI2JI/AAAAAAAA58g/AYHmuJfJSDo/s1600/IMG_0019%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vPt3hv-jakQ/VczFs0fI2JI/AAAAAAAA58g/AYHmuJfJSDo/s320/IMG_0019%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U69Bj7GePEo/VczFuP_5KOI/AAAAAAAA58o/gDwmNiWyftE/s1600/IMG_0019%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U69Bj7GePEo/VczFuP_5KOI/AAAAAAAA58o/gDwmNiWyftE/s320/IMG_0019%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cO915BLjdis/VczF5mqUTbI/AAAAAAAA584/_6j0r4G1boE/s1600/IMG_0020%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cO915BLjdis/VczF5mqUTbI/AAAAAAAA584/_6j0r4G1boE/s320/IMG_0020%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x8zG_Cqz9sI/VczF9pwTACI/AAAAAAAA59A/JrXjEbTVbl4/s1600/IMG_0020%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x8zG_Cqz9sI/VczF9pwTACI/AAAAAAAA59A/JrXjEbTVbl4/s320/IMG_0020%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6AqSPGhkILY/VczF-0__gjI/AAAAAAAA59I/Jn_CZEUm9Eo/s1600/IMG_0021%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6AqSPGhkILY/VczF-0__gjI/AAAAAAAA59I/Jn_CZEUm9Eo/s320/IMG_0021%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f4sMIGCCYNc/VczGE9PqyhI/AAAAAAAA59Q/PuBUcsAgH5c/s1600/IMG_0021%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f4sMIGCCYNc/VczGE9PqyhI/AAAAAAAA59Q/PuBUcsAgH5c/s320/IMG_0021%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wDaSBKFzSA0/VczGL1kGXzI/AAAAAAAA59g/qZ_IlNnXH14/s1600/IMG_0022%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wDaSBKFzSA0/VczGL1kGXzI/AAAAAAAA59g/qZ_IlNnXH14/s320/IMG_0022%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvEE7gfTr3vE5GXNZAootjk0lS1D1bSoLlUuG_zgtMEo1_-P6F-N9xbWzDMfPY1LKE8TTLmLREGHEi1-V_xy4hBh9CCAn_W5RY8yS0iJNcNf3xUkB9XTsFzRwGKPYYCwoybz4PjHggQY/s1600/IMG_0022+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvEE7gfTr3vE5GXNZAootjk0lS1D1bSoLlUuG_zgtMEo1_-P6F-N9xbWzDMfPY1LKE8TTLmLREGHEi1-V_xy4hBh9CCAn_W5RY8yS0iJNcNf3xUkB9XTsFzRwGKPYYCwoybz4PjHggQY/s320/IMG_0022+%25283%2529.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0EFCBjUiyUw/VczGMZFb1BI/AAAAAAAA59k/KyxBYeWtli8/s1600/IMG_0022%2B%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0EFCBjUiyUw/VczGMZFb1BI/AAAAAAAA59k/KyxBYeWtli8/s320/IMG_0022%2B%25284%2529.jpg" width="228" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SKuVfTsSAi4/VczGVEZ4vXI/AAAAAAAA59w/TifNth5FBws/s1600/IMG_0023%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SKuVfTsSAi4/VczGVEZ4vXI/AAAAAAAA59w/TifNth5FBws/s320/IMG_0023%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IpRBAsTyab4/VczGX7I2rGI/AAAAAAAA594/VBlak8iXbf4/s1600/IMG_0023%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IpRBAsTyab4/VczGX7I2rGI/AAAAAAAA594/VBlak8iXbf4/s320/IMG_0023%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1frACFm3wbk/VczGaPoMLHI/AAAAAAAA5-A/XJ6SWZVSdME/s1600/IMG_0024%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1frACFm3wbk/VczGaPoMLHI/AAAAAAAA5-A/XJ6SWZVSdME/s320/IMG_0024%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vryEUCpQiwI/VczGiPuWwTI/AAAAAAAA5-I/3s7ra5lDm1k/s1600/IMG_0024%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vryEUCpQiwI/VczGiPuWwTI/AAAAAAAA5-I/3s7ra5lDm1k/s320/IMG_0024%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CMCi1Ughr70/VczGiKJJ7vI/AAAAAAAA5-M/x0TXv3DpnkI/s1600/IMG_0025%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CMCi1Ughr70/VczGiKJJ7vI/AAAAAAAA5-M/x0TXv3DpnkI/s320/IMG_0025%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FeZK_t6_4v0/VczGmZe0p9I/AAAAAAAA5-Y/V1AdR8_mxhg/s1600/IMG_0025%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FeZK_t6_4v0/VczGmZe0p9I/AAAAAAAA5-Y/V1AdR8_mxhg/s320/IMG_0025%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_1g1G20lXb0/VczGv16GvII/AAAAAAAA5-o/kcHME9r0Dfo/s1600/IMG_0026%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_1g1G20lXb0/VczGv16GvII/AAAAAAAA5-o/kcHME9r0Dfo/s320/IMG_0026%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sbmjyL4YERs/VczGq71dyBI/AAAAAAAA5-g/c--agtISqgw/s1600/IMG_0026%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sbmjyL4YERs/VczGq71dyBI/AAAAAAAA5-g/c--agtISqgw/s320/IMG_0026%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EyTooyrZvdc/VczGx7XgkTI/AAAAAAAA5-w/DFidl7AJWQo/s1600/IMG_0027%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EyTooyrZvdc/VczGx7XgkTI/AAAAAAAA5-w/DFidl7AJWQo/s320/IMG_0027%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6OyVMGMpRxM/VczG3PWjULI/AAAAAAAA5-4/8PbPoCdZ574/s1600/IMG_0027%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6OyVMGMpRxM/VczG3PWjULI/AAAAAAAA5-4/8PbPoCdZ574/s320/IMG_0027%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wje889C4y4I/VczG-G68dcI/AAAAAAAA5_A/n0DKP-N8vNw/s1600/IMG_0028%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wje889C4y4I/VczG-G68dcI/AAAAAAAA5_A/n0DKP-N8vNw/s320/IMG_0028%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S2TlEoCYLRQ/VczHAf-5yNI/AAAAAAAA5_I/xvtZzkG3eYU/s1600/IMG_0028%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S2TlEoCYLRQ/VczHAf-5yNI/AAAAAAAA5_I/xvtZzkG3eYU/s320/IMG_0028%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zdZt8rTDwgU/VczHGgcbmqI/AAAAAAAA5_Q/KEQio1o1JEQ/s1600/IMG_0029%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zdZt8rTDwgU/VczHGgcbmqI/AAAAAAAA5_Q/KEQio1o1JEQ/s320/IMG_0029%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ktZOOGHfJwAGqNTQi26eZowzMC8SerSMQv_4koXRP9v8YuYNaG726o3nRQcx_krf0BrIea9tqTei8E75PoL_pfzR-2MpfJdTp2_3Q8hmoSsWFDzXBcHRnhqPtFTN_RIKgm2Yr5x12Ls/s1600/IMG_0029+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ktZOOGHfJwAGqNTQi26eZowzMC8SerSMQv_4koXRP9v8YuYNaG726o3nRQcx_krf0BrIea9tqTei8E75PoL_pfzR-2MpfJdTp2_3Q8hmoSsWFDzXBcHRnhqPtFTN_RIKgm2Yr5x12Ls/s320/IMG_0029+%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Bg9_ZPv74c0/VczHN-p8eyI/AAAAAAAA5_g/0PuOe3-TC0w/s1600/IMG_0030%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Bg9_ZPv74c0/VczHN-p8eyI/AAAAAAAA5_g/0PuOe3-TC0w/s320/IMG_0030%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iJ0sgxoE78g/VczHVzK0nkI/AAAAAAAA5_o/pAi7B34u830/s1600/IMG_0030%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iJ0sgxoE78g/VczHVzK0nkI/AAAAAAAA5_o/pAi7B34u830/s320/IMG_0030%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uvF7R3uSbX0/VczHZeeCK3I/AAAAAAAA5_w/ORp5MYILzgI/s1600/IMG_0031%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uvF7R3uSbX0/VczHZeeCK3I/AAAAAAAA5_w/ORp5MYILzgI/s320/IMG_0031%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-D_0T7SN8bJk/VczHcVVShGI/AAAAAAAA5_4/2u9nj7RcV4k/s1600/IMG_0033%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-D_0T7SN8bJk/VczHcVVShGI/AAAAAAAA5_4/2u9nj7RcV4k/s320/IMG_0033%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Bzxd_JWLm4/VczHkLk5CYI/AAAAAAAA6AA/UoodE4u-aCY/s1600/IMG_0033%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Bzxd_JWLm4/VczHkLk5CYI/AAAAAAAA6AA/UoodE4u-aCY/s320/IMG_0033%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ts5fXqA6W3s/VczHmYbR_KI/AAAAAAAA6AI/G-H7jwZEa1I/s1600/IMG_0034%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ts5fXqA6W3s/VczHmYbR_KI/AAAAAAAA6AI/G-H7jwZEa1I/s320/IMG_0034%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UMfxlZeCDmg/VczHqqw7c8I/AAAAAAAA6AQ/b7mymUOUtZU/s1600/IMG_0034%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UMfxlZeCDmg/VczHqqw7c8I/AAAAAAAA6AQ/b7mymUOUtZU/s320/IMG_0034%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IpU1cVlS2yU/VczHw8L0fLI/AAAAAAAA6AY/T8vJM7AH7no/s1600/IMG_0035%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IpU1cVlS2yU/VczHw8L0fLI/AAAAAAAA6AY/T8vJM7AH7no/s320/IMG_0035%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cNvXbqXyt9I/VczH0hgWq5I/AAAAAAAA6Ag/KYtM3_G0Y7w/s1600/IMG_0035%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cNvXbqXyt9I/VczH0hgWq5I/AAAAAAAA6Ag/KYtM3_G0Y7w/s320/IMG_0035%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OuqZ9NWT6O0/VczH3ONop9I/AAAAAAAA6Ao/HK6f6BVIFeY/s1600/IMG_0037%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OuqZ9NWT6O0/VczH3ONop9I/AAAAAAAA6Ao/HK6f6BVIFeY/s320/IMG_0037%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G0eYLtBhLA4/VczIBT_aoZI/AAAAAAAA6Aw/jQn7_bKBDMk/s1600/IMG_0037%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="254" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G0eYLtBhLA4/VczIBT_aoZI/AAAAAAAA6Aw/jQn7_bKBDMk/s320/IMG_0037%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kJfIZULS3MQ/VczIQuseqbI/AAAAAAAA6BI/uZJ7wjyQ500/s1600/IMG_0038%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kJfIZULS3MQ/VczIQuseqbI/AAAAAAAA6BI/uZJ7wjyQ500/s320/IMG_0038%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="231" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P1Evy-m8SoQ/VczIHlGnZhI/AAAAAAAA6A4/aHMbWZifRoc/s1600/IMG_0039%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P1Evy-m8SoQ/VczIHlGnZhI/AAAAAAAA6A4/aHMbWZifRoc/s320/IMG_0039%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gGy0WFKWVDw/VczIOgWmHRI/AAAAAAAA6BA/bgru-C5B6q4/s1600/IMG_0039%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gGy0WFKWVDw/VczIOgWmHRI/AAAAAAAA6BA/bgru-C5B6q4/s320/IMG_0039%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim5CP9NURT9LXv3_9ha_Y-Mk_X0NF6Ne7RHzcGfLqJ6cMXYRM6wJVnIQQQfwE2hi6UIoOa_XTfxeCCtF3wq-2EF5iOrFMapp5ojng4JLeOlRZ5nqqEkRIsltNoNfkgkNqZCn_sRlU3mNY/s1600/IMG_0040+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim5CP9NURT9LXv3_9ha_Y-Mk_X0NF6Ne7RHzcGfLqJ6cMXYRM6wJVnIQQQfwE2hi6UIoOa_XTfxeCCtF3wq-2EF5iOrFMapp5ojng4JLeOlRZ5nqqEkRIsltNoNfkgkNqZCn_sRlU3mNY/s320/IMG_0040+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b_UVQcv5joE/VczIb3Osm2I/AAAAAAAA6BY/aBnSYvzFq7s/s1600/IMG_0040%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b_UVQcv5joE/VczIb3Osm2I/AAAAAAAA6BY/aBnSYvzFq7s/s320/IMG_0040%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pg3DFw2qNlw/VczIf2bV9pI/AAAAAAAA6Bg/EkViBKlcH3c/s1600/IMG_0041%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pg3DFw2qNlw/VczIf2bV9pI/AAAAAAAA6Bg/EkViBKlcH3c/s320/IMG_0041%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LjLmaJ_tULY/VczIgZ5vndI/AAAAAAAA6Bk/wxa7r37PohA/s1600/IMG_0041%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LjLmaJ_tULY/VczIgZ5vndI/AAAAAAAA6Bk/wxa7r37PohA/s320/IMG_0041%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-edkOPm1WLJo/VczInJTEVAI/AAAAAAAA6Bw/aZeKqt3SEqs/s1600/IMG_0042%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-edkOPm1WLJo/VczInJTEVAI/AAAAAAAA6Bw/aZeKqt3SEqs/s320/IMG_0042%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WcpkSS_RC7o/VczIt9cx9yI/AAAAAAAA6B4/suP_AlaoVMY/s1600/IMG_0042%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WcpkSS_RC7o/VczIt9cx9yI/AAAAAAAA6B4/suP_AlaoVMY/s320/IMG_0042%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rWkINFmUML4/VczI6EwOVII/AAAAAAAA6CI/wqYeaJtUi_M/s1600/IMG_0043%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rWkINFmUML4/VczI6EwOVII/AAAAAAAA6CI/wqYeaJtUi_M/s320/IMG_0043%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KfSwz1UWymY/VczI1c8FYWI/AAAAAAAA6CA/HTZbAdweWCw/s1600/IMG_0044%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KfSwz1UWymY/VczI1c8FYWI/AAAAAAAA6CA/HTZbAdweWCw/s320/IMG_0044%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TmAWKe4EwLQ/VczI6f_rPxI/AAAAAAAA6CM/24WK2HuC6gc/s1600/IMG_0044%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TmAWKe4EwLQ/VczI6f_rPxI/AAAAAAAA6CM/24WK2HuC6gc/s320/IMG_0044%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-13431195503657983132015-08-11T08:22:00.000-07:002015-08-17T08:41:01.055-07:00Netaji's Activities in East AsiaThe first and foremost duty , he decided was to reorganised Indian Independence League and to secure recognition of the Provisional Govt. of Free India. At this stage the strength of the Indian National Army was 13,000, when Netaji took over command.<br />
Netaji then went on a whirlwind tour of Malaya, Thailand, Burma, and French Indo-China to rouse Indians there to come forward and sacrifice their all including their lives, in final battle for India's Freedom. The response was overwhelming. <br />
Netaji also reorganised the IIL , headquarters and expanded its activities.He extended the functions and Departments over the existing departments, General finance, Publicity, Intelligence , and Training, into the following;<br />
1. Social Wrlfare, 2. Women's Affairs, 3. National Education and Culture, 4. Reconstruction, 5. Supply, 6. Overseas, and 7. Housing and Transport.<br />
Dr. Lalkshmi Swaminathan, who later became Commandant of the Rani of Jhansi regiment and a Col. of the INA was placed in charge of the Women's Department. Instructions were issued to strengthen the League branches throughout East Asia on the above guidelines. Netaji divided his time between League Headqurters and the Headquarters of the Supreme Command of the INA.<br />
<b>(The headquarters of the Provisional Govt. at Singapore)</b><br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qhpzVwYhZZY/VdHsOXP3SXI/AAAAAAAA6TY/vWHrI41xbgI/s1600/p-217%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qhpzVwYhZZY/VdHsOXP3SXI/AAAAAAAA6TY/vWHrI41xbgI/s320/p-217%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Having satisfied with the organisation of the INA and the Provisional Govt of Free India established in Singapore, on the Historic Day of October 21 , 1943 in less than four month's time after take over the leadership of the movement in East Asia.<br />
The next day he opened the Rani of Jhansi Regiment Camp , which was immediately flooded <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zc2ZBaEqs8s/VdHvZqG1cbI/AAAAAAAA6T0/rBVnsbWYDWI/s1600/p-226%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;">with hundreds of exuberant Indian women in Singapore. </a><br />
A few days later countries - Japan, Germany, Italy, Croatia, Burma, thailand, National China, the Philipines, and Manchuria- accorded their final recognition to the Provisional Govt of Azad Hind. A week after the formation of the Provisional Govt. Netaji flew to Tokyo where he attended the Greater East Asia Conference in the first week of Nov . Premier Tojo decided to Hand Over the two islands , Andaman and Nicoberto the Provisional Govt.<br />
Netaji visited the islands on 31Dec 1943 and renamed them as<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ME9n1F-YSd8/VdH9HSgdtOI/AAAAAAAA6UE/6i5X6tff4lw/s1600/p-206%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ME9n1F-YSd8/VdH9HSgdtOI/AAAAAAAA6UE/6i5X6tff4lw/s320/p-206%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bt2_AgKo5sA/VdH9JkwScpI/AAAAAAAA6UM/MXnH7P4wTlA/s1600/p-206%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bt2_AgKo5sA/VdH9JkwScpI/AAAAAAAA6UM/MXnH7P4wTlA/s320/p-206%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Y7ZTudSxyww/VdH9Kn6LUdI/AAAAAAAA6UU/WNTPXEU4dao/s1600/p-207%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Y7ZTudSxyww/VdH9Kn6LUdI/AAAAAAAA6UU/WNTPXEU4dao/s320/p-207%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T3P0na5QGkA/VdH9TExRE6I/AAAAAAAA6Uc/fqhvbQYq3p8/s1600/p-207%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T3P0na5QGkA/VdH9TExRE6I/AAAAAAAA6Uc/fqhvbQYq3p8/s320/p-207%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Hx8paQqxGKQ/VdH9XUNisFI/AAAAAAAA6Uk/qGhoe5M_bWs/s1600/p-210%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Hx8paQqxGKQ/VdH9XUNisFI/AAAAAAAA6Uk/qGhoe5M_bWs/s320/p-210%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VMUUQwJh7gI/VdH9Y5JwnOI/AAAAAAAA6Us/hNF-UVPmIug/s1600/p-210%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VMUUQwJh7gI/VdH9Y5JwnOI/AAAAAAAA6Us/hNF-UVPmIug/s320/p-210%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kUd9li0vg7w/VdH9ob8-fGI/AAAAAAAA6VE/BpYB4rcUzds/s1600/p-212.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kUd9li0vg7w/VdH9ob8-fGI/AAAAAAAA6VE/BpYB4rcUzds/s320/p-212.jpg" width="241" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TvoBhaoig38/VdH9jEBUqiI/AAAAAAAA6U0/JzGCttdlBxE/s1600/p-213%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TvoBhaoig38/VdH9jEBUqiI/AAAAAAAA6U0/JzGCttdlBxE/s320/p-213%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EPTIXpY0gqE/VdH9nnFdRaI/AAAAAAAA6U8/yYE-_QlABgk/s1600/p-213%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EPTIXpY0gqE/VdH9nnFdRaI/AAAAAAAA6U8/yYE-_QlABgk/s320/p-213%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3troZ0PCxDn_E4fc2Yq5usEnVO4y8ENcAaGoI5i4q5HdvZc3F9Svi7kUdpcK3nQHgI9Flrf0ik_cVinmvOWHIfXenUxH-sFk6sCHRWLu46SE_HWUoJf9v9JRxAA-ic9CBgyuL_ERps0A/s1600/p-214+b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3troZ0PCxDn_E4fc2Yq5usEnVO4y8ENcAaGoI5i4q5HdvZc3F9Svi7kUdpcK3nQHgI9Flrf0ik_cVinmvOWHIfXenUxH-sFk6sCHRWLu46SE_HWUoJf9v9JRxAA-ic9CBgyuL_ERps0A/s320/p-214+b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9K1J3noKjQg/VdH91b6tVcI/AAAAAAAA6VU/G8D4u90SCZ4/s1600/p-214%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9K1J3noKjQg/VdH91b6tVcI/AAAAAAAA6VU/G8D4u90SCZ4/s320/p-214%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8TALvyRXaz8/VdH9_ClBwZI/AAAAAAAA6Vk/APoCQPOn_b4/s1600/p-215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8TALvyRXaz8/VdH9_ClBwZI/AAAAAAAA6Vk/APoCQPOn_b4/s320/p-215.jpg" width="227" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FtDCp80qDK8/VdH95R7Ci8I/AAAAAAAA6Vc/o5W3yTqkOKw/s1600/p-216%2Bb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FtDCp80qDK8/VdH95R7Ci8I/AAAAAAAA6Vc/o5W3yTqkOKw/s320/p-216%2Bb.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Aolxl2DZQuI/VdH-APaRlMI/AAAAAAAA6Vs/XiR-n2Hyu14/s1600/p-216%2Bt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Aolxl2DZQuI/VdH-APaRlMI/AAAAAAAA6Vs/XiR-n2Hyu14/s320/p-216%2Bt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Shaheed and Swaraj.<br />
FromAndamans , Netaji flew to Burma via Bangkok and established the headquarters of the of the provisional Govt. of IIL and the INA supreme command in Rangoonand the rear headquarters in Singapore. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-69622288593863612842015-08-08T08:38:00.000-07:002015-08-11T06:59:09.802-07:00Subhas Brigade<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DukronwYV9s/Vcn2d9BITII/AAAAAAAA5sw/7LVna1mDJA4/s1600/su-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DukronwYV9s/Vcn2d9BITII/AAAAAAAA5sw/7LVna1mDJA4/s320/su-4.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
While in Singapore Netaji accompanied by Rash Bihari Bose, also called Gen. Terauchi, Commander-in -chief of the Japanese Southern Army Command, at his official residence . In a moving encounter Gen.Terauchi welcomed Netaji with open arms.<br />
Taking over the Helm of the Indian Independence Movement , Netaji inspected the INA on 5th July, with full uniform of Supreme Commander of the INA and delivered a lecture to his soldiers. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sgv5TMah42w/Vcn3F4HAirI/AAAAAAAA5s4/EoB87MGXJlg/s1600/su-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sgv5TMah42w/Vcn3F4HAirI/AAAAAAAA5s4/EoB87MGXJlg/s1600/su-1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4c3dj6S3RF0/Vcn3GOgG8uI/AAAAAAAA5s8/Bsdr0fp5lYk/s1600/su-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4c3dj6S3RF0/Vcn3GOgG8uI/AAAAAAAA5s8/Bsdr0fp5lYk/s320/su-2.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Umo-IQq_sRU/Vcn3GPLKp-I/AAAAAAAA5tA/hNLikxp98QA/s1600/su-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Umo-IQq_sRU/Vcn3GPLKp-I/AAAAAAAA5tA/hNLikxp98QA/s1600/su-3.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
After the General plan was finally settled at this secret meeting , the Subhas Brigade was placed under the direct command, for purpose of operations only of the Japanese General Head Quarters in Burma. Its Commander Shah Nawaz Khan, saw the Japanese Commander-in-Chief who appraised him full of the military sitiuation at the Indo-Burms border. Shah Nawaz writes;<br />
" He told me that the main concentration of British and American forces was at Sadiya-Imphal-Tamuand Tiddim and that they were preparing to attack the Japanese forces with the object of recapturing Burma. He told me that there were powerful British forces at Aijal (one Brigade) and Lugleh (one Brigade).<br />
the role allotted to the Subhas Brigade was as follows;<br />
the Battalion No.1- was to proceed via Prome to the Kaladan valley in Arakan. The battalions 2 and 3 were to proceed via Mandalay and Kaewato the ChinHill area of Haka and Falam. <br />
On 3 Feb, 1944, on the eve of the departure of these Batalions from Rangoon , Netaji delivered his farewell speech to thr Three thousand soldiers who in full military kit stood rigidly to attention for an hour and a half and listened to every word he said with rapt attention. He told them that they would be put to the severest test by the Japanese authorities and the future of INA"s role in the battle for India's freedomwould depend upon them.He made a stirring appeal to them in the following words, "Blood is calling to Blood"laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-48589655983935568502015-08-07T07:19:00.000-07:002015-08-10T19:39:18.882-07:00INA in Indo-Burmese Frontier<b>Netaji appears in Singapore</b><br />
a) Nominated as President of IIL ; On 27th June Subhas Chandra Bose and Rash Bihari Bose arrived in Singapore,which used to be the British stronghold and was enthusiastically welcomed by the leaders of the IIL, The INA as well as a large number of Indian Nationals residing in the city. Among those present were also representatives of the Japanese army Command and the Hikari Kikan. <br />
After the main issue was settled Netaji decided to form a Brigade known as No I Guerilla Regiment, by selecting the soldiers from the three Brigades after Gandhi, Nehru and Azad which should go first into action and Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed its commander.<br />
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Taking over the helm of the Indian Independence movement Netaji inspected the INA on 5 July . For the first time he donned the Khaki uniform of the supreme commander of the INA for the first time, gave this army of liberation , the war cry of Chalo Delhi (Onward to Delhi).and he gave the assembled civilians the slogan of 'Total Mobilisation."</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45D5uAOM060/VcTHgmFEtjI/AAAAAAAA5qY/2WfBro3L1DQ/s1600/Shahnawaz_Khan.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-45D5uAOM060/VcTHgmFEtjI/AAAAAAAA5qY/2WfBro3L1DQ/s320/Shahnawaz_Khan.JPG" width="237" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Khan, who rose to the rank of Captain in the Indian Army, was captured by the Japanese after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Singapore">fall of Singapore</a> in 1942. A prisoner of war in Singapore, he was profoundly influenced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose's</a> speeches asking POWs to join the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> and to fight for a free India. He later stated:</div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden;">
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
"It will not be wrong to say that I was hypnotized by his personality and his speeches. He placed the true picture of India before us and for the first time in my life I saw India, through the eyes of an Indian."</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Impressed by Bose’s patriotic speeches, Nawaz joined the INA in 1943. He was included in the Cabinet of the <i>Arzi Hukumat-e- Azad Hind</i> (INA) formed by Bose. Later, Bose decided to select a regiment consisting of the cream of the INA and send it to action to spearhead the advance into India. Khan led the army into North-Eastern India, seizing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohima" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kohima">Kohima</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imphal">Imphal</a>which were held briefly by the INA under the authority of the Japanese. In December of 1944, Shah Nawaz Khan was appointed Commander of the 1st Division at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1T0khEpZWIU/VcYNOnDHufI/AAAAAAAA5qw/bjnIROVxmOo/s1600/taiping.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="319" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1T0khEpZWIU/VcYNOnDHufI/AAAAAAAA5qw/bjnIROVxmOo/s320/taiping.jpg" width="320" /></a>The first batch of the Subhas Brigade left Taiping , Malaya, on 9 Nov 1943, and the last batch on the 24th. The main body of the Subhas Brigade arrived in Rangoon early in Jan 1944. The soldiers had to cover at least 400 miles on foot , the average coverage per day was 25 miles with about 80 lbs of load carried on their backs. Netaji arrived in Rangoon on 4 january , 1944, on a Japanese plane. On 24 Jan 1944, general Katakura, Chief of the japanese General staff in Burma.</div>
</div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-34998172639852449622015-08-07T04:12:00.000-07:002015-08-10T07:09:16.696-07:00Portrais/Photographs of Subhas Chandra Bose (1943-45)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SW1ifz5tJHA/VcSQQ4WBSkI/AAAAAAAA5oU/QeK4W1qL5Ss/s1600/IMG_0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SW1ifz5tJHA/VcSQQ4WBSkI/AAAAAAAA5oU/QeK4W1qL5Ss/s320/IMG_0001.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Mbmqq6YhcQU/VcSQQaelEcI/AAAAAAAA5oQ/4jlND7BV9TA/s1600/IMG_0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Mbmqq6YhcQU/VcSQQaelEcI/AAAAAAAA5oQ/4jlND7BV9TA/s320/IMG_0002.jpg" width="220" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bzGJRte7sw/VcSQSNiY01I/AAAAAAAA5og/zhl3PscxLgk/s1600/IMG_0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5bzGJRte7sw/VcSQSNiY01I/AAAAAAAA5og/zhl3PscxLgk/s320/IMG_0003.jpg" width="227" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YVaedEuEu1A/VcSQ1O-iENI/AAAAAAAA5oo/klgIAPtMu9w/s1600/IMG_0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YVaedEuEu1A/VcSQ1O-iENI/AAAAAAAA5oo/klgIAPtMu9w/s320/IMG_0004.jpg" width="244" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-llqhZM82VuE/VcSQ4ZZN0_I/AAAAAAAA5o4/Q_PVv_mzask/s1600/IMG_0005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-llqhZM82VuE/VcSQ4ZZN0_I/AAAAAAAA5o4/Q_PVv_mzask/s320/IMG_0005.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5XQaOUDaF94/VcSQ3SR-P8I/AAAAAAAA5ow/pvEYVCLbYoE/s1600/IMG_0006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5XQaOUDaF94/VcSQ3SR-P8I/AAAAAAAA5ow/pvEYVCLbYoE/s320/IMG_0006.jpg" width="237" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ghS3TkyQVNw/VcSRVlSzCmI/AAAAAAAA5pA/3hABP9mClfI/s1600/IMG_0007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ghS3TkyQVNw/VcSRVlSzCmI/AAAAAAAA5pA/3hABP9mClfI/s320/IMG_0007.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_llqATnNSkk/VcSRaGbe5MI/AAAAAAAA5pI/WAsOdfCdqdw/s1600/IMG_0008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_llqATnNSkk/VcSRaGbe5MI/AAAAAAAA5pI/WAsOdfCdqdw/s320/IMG_0008.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qiMGHtncWMY/VcSRbi6EsCI/AAAAAAAA5pQ/_PAyS62s8JE/s1600/IMG_0009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qiMGHtncWMY/VcSRbi6EsCI/AAAAAAAA5pQ/_PAyS62s8JE/s320/IMG_0009.jpg" width="234" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld1SRnRD6oU/VcSRyKFS5wI/AAAAAAAA5pY/PwBa3AmwzLY/s1600/IMG_0010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld1SRnRD6oU/VcSRyKFS5wI/AAAAAAAA5pY/PwBa3AmwzLY/s320/IMG_0010.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rSLCGOOWzZ4/VcSR6s4kyKI/AAAAAAAA5pg/5VaP79gXUlo/s1600/IMG_0011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rSLCGOOWzZ4/VcSR6s4kyKI/AAAAAAAA5pg/5VaP79gXUlo/s320/IMG_0011.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3k6qGEnXT3s/VcSSBD_7krI/AAAAAAAA5po/xRg0fHrAJnY/s1600/IMG_0012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3k6qGEnXT3s/VcSSBD_7krI/AAAAAAAA5po/xRg0fHrAJnY/s320/IMG_0012.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TbjQ28UTXw4/VcSSRYTJnsI/AAAAAAAA5pw/3_Nxd41zYRc/s1600/IMG_0013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TbjQ28UTXw4/VcSSRYTJnsI/AAAAAAAA5pw/3_Nxd41zYRc/s320/IMG_0013.jpg" width="241" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUO5qRzCzjqfjhAneVSQ0B7fVeqAat_3NZSGamqPpU33NwJZcqyJYlVNTEUtVGHoB-fSeAuiZmldZOTd2ojV3Hi6gq8zFMuV3L3svepO-ZAiJ5c7LoKXVW9r66fXO0tY9culqphzjdZFI/s1600/IMG_0014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUO5qRzCzjqfjhAneVSQ0B7fVeqAat_3NZSGamqPpU33NwJZcqyJYlVNTEUtVGHoB-fSeAuiZmldZOTd2ojV3Hi6gq8zFMuV3L3svepO-ZAiJ5c7LoKXVW9r66fXO0tY9culqphzjdZFI/s320/IMG_0014.jpg" width="251" /></a></div>
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-41942636608996625072015-08-06T09:25:00.000-07:002015-08-07T07:20:49.969-07:00The Status of INA (contd-1)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Count">Count</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">Hisaichi Terauchi (</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> 8 August 1879 – 12 June 1946)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> was a </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensui_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)">Gensui</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> (or </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Marshal">Marshal</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">) in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> and Commander of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Expeditionary_Army_Group" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Southern Expeditionary Army Group">Southern Expeditionary Army Group</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> during </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">. He was ordered to lead the occupation over Southeast Asia </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qZMyVLPQizg/VcSsg9AW17I/AAAAAAAA5qI/lxaSL3ptRjI/s1600/terauchi_hisaichi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qZMyVLPQizg/VcSsg9AW17I/AAAAAAAA5qI/lxaSL3ptRjI/s320/terauchi_hisaichi.jpg" width="238" /></a></div>
When Netaji first raised the question of INA participating in the proposed Japanese campaign against Imphal (in Manipur, India) <b>Field Marshal Count Terauchi, Commander-in-Chief of all the Japanese forces in South East Asia </b>, was not very willing to accept the proposal. The soldiers composing the INA , said he, would not be able to fight as well as Japanese soldiers, as they had been defeated in the battle of Malaya and consequently were demolarised. Further, being accustomed to the ease and luxury of the British army they would not be able to stand up to the rigours of a Japanese campaign.Lastly , they were after all, once British mercenaries and would find it difficult to resist the temptation of deserting to the British where there better prospect of pay , food and early chance of meeting with their families. Terauchi therefore proposed that that the Japanese Army should do all that was necessary to liberate India, that Bose himself should assist by enlisting the goodwill and sympathy of the Indian people, that the main part of the INA should be left in Singapore , and that only espionage and propaganda groups should be used in the field.<br />
This proposal , which virtually meant that Netaji should merely play the role of a fifth columnist, gave a rude shock to him. He made a proud and dignified reply, "Any liberation of India secured through Japanese sacrifices ," said he ,"is worse than slavery." <br />
He talked about the national honour of India, insisted that Indians must make the contribution of blood and sacrifice themselves and urged that the INA be allowed to form the spearhead of the coming offensive. At last Terauchi consented . laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-52679492817777432492015-08-05T08:32:00.000-07:002015-08-06T08:13:52.289-07:00The Status of I.N.A.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7gb7h2nn-fs/VcImj5cvEfI/AAAAAAAA5Mw/No4CLxiZO_I/s1600/ina15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7gb7h2nn-fs/VcImj5cvEfI/AAAAAAAA5Mw/No4CLxiZO_I/s1600/ina15.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BHpIeIVDiF4/VcIl-57de5I/AAAAAAAA5Fo/wGGTwHsYWqQ/s1600/ina-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BHpIeIVDiF4/VcIl-57de5I/AAAAAAAA5Fo/wGGTwHsYWqQ/s320/ina-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s3ROfRMhLIA/VcImDq2vANI/AAAAAAAA5F8/_3fx8Wnjltg/s1600/ina-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s3ROfRMhLIA/VcImDq2vANI/AAAAAAAA5F8/_3fx8Wnjltg/s1600/ina-2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QXi1Y9iqLf4/VcImNZVPjwI/AAAAAAAA5IQ/jXwCzI1O9GE/s1600/ina-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QXi1Y9iqLf4/VcImNZVPjwI/AAAAAAAA5IQ/jXwCzI1O9GE/s1600/ina-4.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BnhNMOfa18g/VcImXuZDStI/AAAAAAAA5Jw/3ITFAVF1PUI/s1600/ina-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BnhNMOfa18g/VcImXuZDStI/AAAAAAAA5Jw/3ITFAVF1PUI/s320/ina-5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5MS_czdfEMQ/VcImdaXFHQI/AAAAAAAA5LA/__157SW7nUo/s1600/ina-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5MS_czdfEMQ/VcImdaXFHQI/AAAAAAAA5LA/__157SW7nUo/s320/ina-6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jBmtQiZ0xEk/VcImiIi9YUI/AAAAAAAA5MM/ZkaABGgX44Q/s1600/ina-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jBmtQiZ0xEk/VcImiIi9YUI/AAAAAAAA5MM/ZkaABGgX44Q/s1600/ina-7.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lVIcA_3TM1c/VcImi-wgTVI/AAAAAAAA5Mc/hhdXaF9Y7Pg/s1600/ina-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lVIcA_3TM1c/VcImi-wgTVI/AAAAAAAA5Mc/hhdXaF9Y7Pg/s1600/ina-8.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y--VZIB0-KQ/VcImjH5gzbI/AAAAAAAA5Mk/Lv8uTgGda0g/s1600/ina-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y--VZIB0-KQ/VcImjH5gzbI/AAAAAAAA5Mk/Lv8uTgGda0g/s320/ina-9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3MgxLnPcsEc/VcIl-n3FsyI/AAAAAAAA5Es/RJeZkBDhFsU/s1600/ina-10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3MgxLnPcsEc/VcIl-n3FsyI/AAAAAAAA5Es/RJeZkBDhFsU/s320/ina-10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vRh-Enw4-sQ/VcIl-i551MI/AAAAAAAA5Eo/RV37y1ffa6Q/s1600/ina-11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vRh-Enw4-sQ/VcIl-i551MI/AAAAAAAA5Eo/RV37y1ffa6Q/s1600/ina-11.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-duwSQ6ORKGo/VcImAv3e2zI/AAAAAAAA5E8/oJUQxyWM_UA/s1600/ina-12.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-duwSQ6ORKGo/VcImAv3e2zI/AAAAAAAA5E8/oJUQxyWM_UA/s320/ina-12.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9-MIFc9yOA/VcImAIhVdmI/AAAAAAAA5E4/6GJtAYnW8EU/s1600/ina-13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9-MIFc9yOA/VcImAIhVdmI/AAAAAAAA5E4/6GJtAYnW8EU/s320/ina-13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5LHhpAwwgRE/VcImBESTFKI/AAAAAAAA5FA/Tp5c5eWnzig/s1600/ina-14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5LHhpAwwgRE/VcImBESTFKI/AAAAAAAA5FA/Tp5c5eWnzig/s1600/ina-14.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5CUM6zZ4MOI/VcImBouquGI/AAAAAAAA5FM/WwZwYX3Gy54/s1600/ina-15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5CUM6zZ4MOI/VcImBouquGI/AAAAAAAA5FM/WwZwYX3Gy54/s1600/ina-15.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Y_l5sXeil8U/VcImB-494mI/AAAAAAAA5FQ/r7zuBForztw/s1600/ina-16.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Y_l5sXeil8U/VcImB-494mI/AAAAAAAA5FQ/r7zuBForztw/s1600/ina-16.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LeL4AJeGlFs/VcImCoExCCI/AAAAAAAA5Fg/d3riSVQgSJY/s1600/ina-17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LeL4AJeGlFs/VcImCoExCCI/AAAAAAAA5Fg/d3riSVQgSJY/s320/ina-17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9v6_5ET-kZI/VcImCuIGTuI/AAAAAAAA5Fk/tmC1f4M2gl4/s1600/ina-18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9v6_5ET-kZI/VcImCuIGTuI/AAAAAAAA5Fk/tmC1f4M2gl4/s320/ina-18.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7p-afnssxFw/VcImDu-rfgI/AAAAAAAA5F4/kk9CF8T8vbs/s1600/ina-19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7p-afnssxFw/VcImDu-rfgI/AAAAAAAA5F4/kk9CF8T8vbs/s1600/ina-19.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0LladdqW1d0/VcImD2ksvoI/AAAAAAAA5GQ/WqX631bKuDc/s1600/ina-20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0LladdqW1d0/VcImD2ksvoI/AAAAAAAA5GQ/WqX631bKuDc/s320/ina-20.jpg" width="230" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OK_K63DjPi4/VcImESvmkmI/AAAAAAAA5GI/p9-2lHTsJPM/s1600/ina-21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OK_K63DjPi4/VcImESvmkmI/AAAAAAAA5GI/p9-2lHTsJPM/s1600/ina-21.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Qcpmk3o3vFI/VcImEpHlyaI/AAAAAAAA5GE/S5tVnujRrKo/s1600/ina-22.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Qcpmk3o3vFI/VcImEpHlyaI/AAAAAAAA5GE/S5tVnujRrKo/s1600/ina-22.JPG" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l5KbLVVGJmg/VcImGHbkf9I/AAAAAAAA5Gg/gdB4H0lFjG8/s1600/ina-23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l5KbLVVGJmg/VcImGHbkf9I/AAAAAAAA5Gg/gdB4H0lFjG8/s320/ina-23.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eAECIuPiJNY/VcImGKw9oRI/AAAAAAAA5Gk/5YOnPzlyv4w/s1600/ina-24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eAECIuPiJNY/VcImGKw9oRI/AAAAAAAA5Gk/5YOnPzlyv4w/s320/ina-24.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8sJY5FG3RbI/VcImGU-f-EI/AAAAAAAA5Go/xxdQlJMy-FM/s1600/ina-26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8sJY5FG3RbI/VcImGU-f-EI/AAAAAAAA5Go/xxdQlJMy-FM/s1600/ina-26.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JYCS02Q3VxY/VcImHJNBJRI/AAAAAAAA5H8/DxbzrS0tq0g/s1600/ina-27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JYCS02Q3VxY/VcImHJNBJRI/AAAAAAAA5H8/DxbzrS0tq0g/s1600/ina-27.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5QKlC_WFhys/VcImHN1XytI/AAAAAAAA5Gw/aVVPYqc6If8/s1600/ina-28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5QKlC_WFhys/VcImHN1XytI/AAAAAAAA5Gw/aVVPYqc6If8/s1600/ina-28.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lo0sI9X_UZQ/VcImHXACjDI/AAAAAAAA5G4/E0AanAHAmIw/s1600/ina-29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lo0sI9X_UZQ/VcImHXACjDI/AAAAAAAA5G4/E0AanAHAmIw/s1600/ina-29.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EqJmJf5ayu4/VcImIHZ4TDI/AAAAAAAA5HI/oyWULhSRMZM/s1600/ina-30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EqJmJf5ayu4/VcImIHZ4TDI/AAAAAAAA5HI/oyWULhSRMZM/s320/ina-30.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qA3rDHTEdi0/VcImIRfNkpI/AAAAAAAA5HM/uQ8tOHVrG-g/s1600/ina-31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qA3rDHTEdi0/VcImIRfNkpI/AAAAAAAA5HM/uQ8tOHVrG-g/s320/ina-31.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kjOqygT01YU/VcImI6w0_WI/AAAAAAAA5HU/J9I-c3wPF8Y/s1600/ina-32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kjOqygT01YU/VcImI6w0_WI/AAAAAAAA5HU/J9I-c3wPF8Y/s320/ina-32.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B6WpWTGYSA0/VcImJJ4ypNI/AAAAAAAA5Hc/Q9Yda7VFK6Y/s1600/ina-33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B6WpWTGYSA0/VcImJJ4ypNI/AAAAAAAA5Hc/Q9Yda7VFK6Y/s320/ina-33.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IizrvdAqC0k/VcImJodqZ2I/AAAAAAAA5Hk/1jdIdCOs9qA/s1600/ina-34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IizrvdAqC0k/VcImJodqZ2I/AAAAAAAA5Hk/1jdIdCOs9qA/s320/ina-34.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E193pmZ-7Qk/VcImJ2NpxWI/AAAAAAAA5Hs/7R2oqiR897Y/s1600/ina-35.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E193pmZ-7Qk/VcImJ2NpxWI/AAAAAAAA5Hs/7R2oqiR897Y/s1600/ina-35.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0XacjIwaM0Q2nnRfHrjnmxHIAItCHq4ugxwCRxTQ4yW1HgF_jHWSeHbAFaE7yTkRfwpsfBuqwPybTGF-hN-3DLJY-PmkDFtCnWQlqXC33ZZ3cdBrV6eykT-eLLDLaOmFfOFXU9864K_4/s1600/ina-36.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0XacjIwaM0Q2nnRfHrjnmxHIAItCHq4ugxwCRxTQ4yW1HgF_jHWSeHbAFaE7yTkRfwpsfBuqwPybTGF-hN-3DLJY-PmkDFtCnWQlqXC33ZZ3cdBrV6eykT-eLLDLaOmFfOFXU9864K_4/s320/ina-36.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6XFD8dv-ts8/VcImKxhJDHI/AAAAAAAA5IA/o7C7bgjhTVc/s1600/ina-37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6XFD8dv-ts8/VcImKxhJDHI/AAAAAAAA5IA/o7C7bgjhTVc/s320/ina-37.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fjm716y9KC0/VcImNS55NvI/AAAAAAAA5IM/IXFSYspGKq0/s1600/ina-38.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fjm716y9KC0/VcImNS55NvI/AAAAAAAA5IM/IXFSYspGKq0/s320/ina-38.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iIXHJPo5XI8/VcImNTqP-RI/AAAAAAAA5IU/U3MYg5q5M3s/s1600/ina-39.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iIXHJPo5XI8/VcImNTqP-RI/AAAAAAAA5IU/U3MYg5q5M3s/s320/ina-39.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-opwouH2ar4s/VcImSzPRZtI/AAAAAAAA5Io/W53FwaMLUpI/s1600/ina-40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-opwouH2ar4s/VcImSzPRZtI/AAAAAAAA5Io/W53FwaMLUpI/s1600/ina-40.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t0JeWSOiEqc/VcImTANtqHI/AAAAAAAA5Ik/74D0LdTEj90/s1600/ina-41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t0JeWSOiEqc/VcImTANtqHI/AAAAAAAA5Ik/74D0LdTEj90/s320/ina-41.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5LLrd6566vc/VcImTVnxSaI/AAAAAAAA5Is/Ehmcq-_SbkU/s1600/ina-42.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5LLrd6566vc/VcImTVnxSaI/AAAAAAAA5Is/Ehmcq-_SbkU/s1600/ina-42.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r2H_w81IB3M/VcImT_gbaVI/AAAAAAAA5I0/YI7dmZYo3lQ/s1600/ina-43ras.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r2H_w81IB3M/VcImT_gbaVI/AAAAAAAA5I0/YI7dmZYo3lQ/s320/ina-43ras.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VhlMEuN_C3Q/VcImUkXpzAI/AAAAAAAA5JE/gweQjtiiCik/s1600/ina-44.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VhlMEuN_C3Q/VcImUkXpzAI/AAAAAAAA5JE/gweQjtiiCik/s320/ina-44.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9jZOdGcwsYY/VcImUhXaLNI/AAAAAAAA5JA/AZL5RFqGryk/s1600/ina-45.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9jZOdGcwsYY/VcImUhXaLNI/AAAAAAAA5JA/AZL5RFqGryk/s320/ina-45.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FeuEi8rA6KM/VcImU-rSacI/AAAAAAAA5JM/hAHHnx7MvqE/s1600/ina-46.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FeuEi8rA6KM/VcImU-rSacI/AAAAAAAA5JM/hAHHnx7MvqE/s320/ina-46.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-21t9Mdg6olg/VcImW_2zjwI/AAAAAAAA5Jg/c7RG31WhWcw/s1600/ina-47.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-21t9Mdg6olg/VcImW_2zjwI/AAAAAAAA5Jg/c7RG31WhWcw/s320/ina-47.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EJhldXjRZew/VcImW0Qb27I/AAAAAAAA5Jk/LCPrZNb4VjE/s1600/ina-48.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EJhldXjRZew/VcImW0Qb27I/AAAAAAAA5Jk/LCPrZNb4VjE/s320/ina-48.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cac2T_NFJBc/VcImWwW7YDI/AAAAAAAA5Jc/pDCiI_f1q9g/s1600/ina-49.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cac2T_NFJBc/VcImWwW7YDI/AAAAAAAA5Jc/pDCiI_f1q9g/s1600/ina-49.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--oJjt-PMbzg/VcImYs24FKI/AAAAAAAA5J8/WGmQ57iUfBk/s1600/ina-50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--oJjt-PMbzg/VcImYs24FKI/AAAAAAAA5J8/WGmQ57iUfBk/s320/ina-50.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HNj7eQ_dOqc/VcImakIy2uI/AAAAAAAA5Kg/YGdtRHR7CKc/s1600/ina-51.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HNj7eQ_dOqc/VcImakIy2uI/AAAAAAAA5Kg/YGdtRHR7CKc/s320/ina-51.jpg" width="249" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TGZgWULdBKY/VcImZQeKT3I/AAAAAAAA5KE/d4GnXbAlAGs/s1600/ina-52.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TGZgWULdBKY/VcImZQeKT3I/AAAAAAAA5KE/d4GnXbAlAGs/s320/ina-52.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0TaGEw1uGZk/VcImaLKjOqI/AAAAAAAA5KM/bdRHs8BMVdc/s1600/ina-53.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0TaGEw1uGZk/VcImaLKjOqI/AAAAAAAA5KM/bdRHs8BMVdc/s320/ina-53.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W5uA2L6l92M/VcImacdkhAI/AAAAAAAA5KQ/51vQTmSJ_lI/s1600/ina-54.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W5uA2L6l92M/VcImacdkhAI/AAAAAAAA5KQ/51vQTmSJ_lI/s320/ina-54.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XKV3_r8hb9E/VcImazJ-V3I/AAAAAAAA5Kc/qVTLgadV7Gc/s1600/ina-55.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XKV3_r8hb9E/VcImazJ-V3I/AAAAAAAA5Kc/qVTLgadV7Gc/s1600/ina-55.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-p1_0VBOJxEg/VcImbaLTu0I/AAAAAAAA5Kw/zdP0ORNNnn4/s1600/ina-56.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-p1_0VBOJxEg/VcImbaLTu0I/AAAAAAAA5Kw/zdP0ORNNnn4/s320/ina-56.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mAcOTPbUfec/VcImbjz2O-I/AAAAAAAA5Ko/P1Ip8pghAr4/s1600/ina-57.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mAcOTPbUfec/VcImbjz2O-I/AAAAAAAA5Ko/P1Ip8pghAr4/s1600/ina-57.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EEI3kM6UeRk/VcImdaGNQHI/AAAAAAAA5K8/gAyfjOTqRaI/s1600/ina-58.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EEI3kM6UeRk/VcImdaGNQHI/AAAAAAAA5K8/gAyfjOTqRaI/s320/ina-58.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HI_ZtmJ-UIU/VcImeoJGoHI/AAAAAAAA5LM/cOcLk7kc7k0/s1600/ina-59.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HI_ZtmJ-UIU/VcImeoJGoHI/AAAAAAAA5LM/cOcLk7kc7k0/s320/ina-59.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-maDBRB0tFxc/VcImeiSSC3I/AAAAAAAA5LQ/1jK7zm5TQIY/s1600/ina-61.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-maDBRB0tFxc/VcImeiSSC3I/AAAAAAAA5LQ/1jK7zm5TQIY/s320/ina-61.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IU96_9CZVeo/VcImepHiAVI/AAAAAAAA5LU/StbiiACgjis/s1600/ina-62.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IU96_9CZVeo/VcImepHiAVI/AAAAAAAA5LU/StbiiACgjis/s320/ina-62.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BOg0AIVKhLw/VcImgNZE-4I/AAAAAAAA5Lk/2nK3gbT1PtQ/s1600/ina-64.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BOg0AIVKhLw/VcImgNZE-4I/AAAAAAAA5Lk/2nK3gbT1PtQ/s320/ina-64.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--T9UcjDADgI/VcImgDKA_9I/AAAAAAAA5Lo/UMRDenu-dF4/s1600/ina-65.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--T9UcjDADgI/VcImgDKA_9I/AAAAAAAA5Lo/UMRDenu-dF4/s320/ina-65.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sGJy84C9Znc/VcImgOsAksI/AAAAAAAA5Lg/OY9RTm83P_o/s1600/ina-66.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="88" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sGJy84C9Znc/VcImgOsAksI/AAAAAAAA5Lg/OY9RTm83P_o/s320/ina-66.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TL-zJnCUlkY/VcImhQJPpmI/AAAAAAAA5L8/v8BD8Qy60SU/s1600/ina-67.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TL-zJnCUlkY/VcImhQJPpmI/AAAAAAAA5L8/v8BD8Qy60SU/s320/ina-67.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MYP4coxeACI/VcImhQjpiGI/AAAAAAAA5MA/te3RCoJeQVE/s1600/ina-68.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MYP4coxeACI/VcImhQjpiGI/AAAAAAAA5MA/te3RCoJeQVE/s320/ina-68.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPAsf6bE_pTnPZRTvT8uYOYumTCGpxAk0cA_Wt_1x8-zhtI4KVSwh15WZNExB9ymgUcDWD81Z15vJdJ1MRI1Vhe2CHwPJhctDEyQD1lLECBYu-vueJnO7CWj6wbA1tqCdWWEWd6AYtOY/s1600/ina-69.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWPAsf6bE_pTnPZRTvT8uYOYumTCGpxAk0cA_Wt_1x8-zhtI4KVSwh15WZNExB9ymgUcDWD81Z15vJdJ1MRI1Vhe2CHwPJhctDEyQD1lLECBYu-vueJnO7CWj6wbA1tqCdWWEWd6AYtOY/s320/ina-69.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4K3m1Ckudsk/VcImjD0x55I/AAAAAAAA5Mg/EVXks6qao9c/s1600/ina-70.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4K3m1Ckudsk/VcImjD0x55I/AAAAAAAA5Mg/EVXks6qao9c/s320/ina-70.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-37765895485045930882015-08-04T08:54:00.001-07:002015-08-10T07:08:49.523-07:00Subhas Bose in the East - formation of Provisional Govt. of Azad HindSubhas Bose sent a Radio message from Germany to the members of the Bangkok Conference accepting their invitation to join them. This did not, however, prove an easy job. The sea was guarded by the British ships and the only possible way was to risk a submarine voyage.<br />
Subhas Bose was received by the Japanese Premier Tojo on the day after his arrival.He encouraged Bose's project of forming a Provisional Govt. which would take control of Indian Territory as the Japanese force moved on.Tojo made a declaration about India to the following effect;<br />
1. Japan is firmly resolved to extend all means in order to help India to expel the Anglo-Saxon influences. Subhas Bose spoke from Tokyo over the Radio, of his determination to launch an armed fight against the British from India's eastern borders. When Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July 1943, he was welcomed with tumultuous enthusiasm by an immense surging crowd who instinctively felt that at last the Man of Destiny had come to lead them on as victors to liberate their own motherland. Subhas Bose took over the Presidentship of the Indian Independence League. Subhas Bose ghave a War cry of " Chalo Delhi" (on to Delhi.and Total Mobilisation.<br />
The Recruitment and Training Departments were hard put to it to give practical effects to these ideas also engaged his attention. The civil side of the Provisional Govt.<br />
1. Health and Social Welfare, 2. Women's affairs; 3. National Education and Culture, 4. Reconstruction, 5. Supply, 6. Overseas, 7. Housing and Transport;<br />
Netaji held a public meeting at Cathay Hall on 21 October, 1943.<br />
On 23 rd Oct the Provisional Govt. decided at a cabinet meeting to declare war on Britain and USA<br />
The declaration was broadcast over Radio by Bose himself and San Francisco Radio communjcated it to the World.<br />
In a few days , nine World powers - Japan, Germany, Italy, Croatia, Burma, Thailand, Nationalist China, the Philipines, and Manchuria - accorded their recognition to the Provisional Govt. of Azad Hind .<br />
On 28th of Oct Netaji flew to Tokyo where he attended the Greater East Asia Conference in the first week of Nov, and was received by the Japanese Emperor with all honours due to the Head of the State and the Provisional Govt of Free India.<br />
At the Greater East India Conference , Premier Tojo announced on the 6th Nov , 1943, that Japan had decided to hand over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the Provisional Govt. of Azad Hind . Thus the Provisional Govt. acquired its first stretch of territory in Free India.<br />
Returning to Singapore towards the end of Dec , after visiting China and the Philipines en route. Netaji left for the Andamans where set foot on the first Free India territory on the 31st Dec 1943. It was decided to rename the Andaman and Nicobar , Shahid and Swaraj Islands respectively. <br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Other public administration ministers of the Provisional Government of Free India included:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mr. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._A._Ayer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="S. A. Ayer">S. A. Ayer</a> - the Minister of Broadcasting and Publicity</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. A. C. Chatterji - the Minister of Finance</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The Indian National Army was represented by Armed Forces ministers, including:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. Aziz Ahmed <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. N. S. Bhagat</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. J. K. Bhonsle</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Colonel Guizara Singh</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.Z._Kiani" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="M.Z. Kiani">M.Z. Kiani</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._D._Loganathan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A. D. Loganathan">A. D. Loganathan</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. Ehsan Qadir</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lt. Col. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shahnawaz Khan</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The Provisional Government was also constituted and administered by a number of Secretaries and Advisors to Subhas Chandra Bose, including:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A.N. Sahay - Secretary</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Ghani" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karim Ghani">Karim Ghani</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Debnath Das</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">D.M. Khan</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A. Yellapa</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Thivy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="J. Thivy">J. Thivy</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sirdar Isher Singh</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A. N. Sarkar - the government's official Legal Advisor</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">All of these Secretaries and Advisory officials held Ministerial rank in the Provisional Government. The extent of the Provisional Government's day-to-day management of affairs for Azad Hind is not entirely well-documented, so their specific functions as government officials for the state outside of their positions as support ministers for Subhas Chandra Bose is not entirely certain.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Azad Hind was recognised as a legitimate state by only a small number of countries, limited almost solely to Axis powers and their affiliate states and puppet regimes. Azad Hind had diplomatic relations with nine countries: </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian Social Republic">Fascist Italy</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_Government" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Wang Jingwei Government">Wang Jingwei's Government in Nanjing</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, Thailand, the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Burma" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">. On the declaration of its formation in Singapore the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach of Ireland</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, sent a note of congratulations to Bose. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">, however, although being an Axis collaborator, never gave formal political recognition to Azad Hind. This government participated as an observer in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; text-decoration: none;" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> in November 1943.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #252525; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13.1599998474121px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="429" data-file-width="708" height="182" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/300px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/450px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/600px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;">
<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a> in November 1943, participants left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Maw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zhang Jinghui">Zhang Jinghui</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Waithayakon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wan Waithayakon">Wan Waithayakon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Government_administration_and_World_War_II">Government administration and World War II</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The same night that Bose declared the existence of Azad Hind, the government took action to declare war against the United States and Britain. The government consisted of a Cabinet ministry acting as an advisory board to Subhas Bose, who was given the title "Netaji" (translating roughly to "leader"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) and was no doubt the dominant figure in the Provisional Government. He exercised virtual authoritarian control over the government and the army. With regards to the go</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">vernment's first issuances of war declarations, the "Cabinet had not been unanimous about the inclusion of the U.S.A. Bose had shown impatience and displeasure – there was never any question then or later of his absolute authority: the Cabinet had no responsibility and could only tender advice..."</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
At the end of October 1943, Bose flew to Tokyo to participate in the Greater East Asia Conference as an observer to Japan's<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>; it could not function as a delegate because India had technically fallen outside the jurisdiction of Japan's definition of "Greater East Asia", but Bose gave speeches in opposition to Western colonialism and imperialism at the conference. By the end of the conference, Azad Hind had been given a limited form of governmental jurisdiction over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, which had been captured by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> early on in the war.</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #252525; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13.1599998474121px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azadhindpostage.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="456" data-file-width="416" height="241" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Azadhindpostage.jpg/220px-Azadhindpostage.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Azadhindpostage.jpg/330px-Azadhindpostage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Azadhindpostage.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12.370400428772px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;">
<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azadhindpostage.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind_Stamps" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Azad Hind Stamps">Unreleased postage stamps</a> of the Azad Hind Government.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Once under the jurisdiction of Azad Hind, the islands formed the government's first claims to territory. The islands themselves were renamed "Shaheed" and "Swaraj", meaning "martyr" and "self-rule" respectively. Bose placed the islands under the governorship of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt_Col_A._D_Loganathan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lt Col A. D Loganathan">Lt Col A. D Loganathan</a>, and had limited involvement with the official governorship of the territory, instead involving himself in plans to expand the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, ensure adequate men and materiel, and formulate its course of actions and the administrations and relations of the Indian population in south east Asia and determining Japanese designs in India and his provisional government. In theory the government itself had the power to levy taxes on the local populace, and to make and enforce laws: in practice they were enforced by the police force under Japanese control. Indians were willing to pay these taxes at first, but became less inclined to do so towards the end of the war when the Provisional Government enacted legislation for higher war-time taxes to fund the INA. During his interrogation after the war Loganathan admitted that he had only had full control over the islands' vestigial education department, as the Japanese had retained full control over the police force, and in protest he had refused to accept responsibility for any other areas of Government. He was powerless to prevent the Homfreyganj massacre of the 30 January 1944, where forty-four Indian civilians were shot by the Japanese on suspicion of spying. Many of them were members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a>, whose leader in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Blair" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a>, Dr. Diwan Singh, had already been tortured to death in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_Jail" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cellular Jail">Cellular Jail</a> after doing his best to protect the islanders from Japanese atrocities during the first two years of the occupation.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Azad Hind's military forces in the form of the INA saw some successes against the British, and moved with the Japanese army to lay siege to the town of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imphal">Imphal</a> in eastern India. Plans to march towards <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, gaining support and fresh recruits along the way, stalled both with the onset of monsoon season and the failure to capture Imphal. British <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bombing">bombing</a> seriously reduced morale, and the Japanese along with the INA forces began their withdrawal from India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
In addition to these setbacks, the INA was faced with a formidable challenge when the troops were left to defend <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> without the assistance of the Japanese in the winter of 1944–1945. Loganathan was relocated from the Andaman Islands to act as field commander. With the INA garrison about 6,000 strong, he manned the Burmese capital in the absence of any other police force or troops during the period between the departure of the Japanese and the arrival of the British. He was successful in maintaining law and order to the extent that there was not a single case of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacoit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dacoit">dacoity</a> or of loot during the period from 24 April to 4 May 1945.</div>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Indian_areas_under_the_Administration_of_the_Provisional_Government">Indian areas under the Administration of the Provisional Government</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">Almost all of the territory of the Provisional Government lay in the Andaman Islands, although the Provisional Government was allowed some authority over Indian enclaves in Japanese-occupied territories. Provisional Government civil authority was never enacted in areas occupied by the INA; instead, Japanese military authority prevailed and responsibility for administration of occupied areas of India was shared between the Japanese and the Indian forces.</span> laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-20846841400373660322015-08-02T08:10:00.000-07:002015-08-10T07:02:13.449-07:00Indians in South-East Asia in WWII<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-630Gav5IDys/Vb9-kYzyYKI/AAAAAAAA5Dc/Q8BmzqegW_I/s1600/se-2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="254" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-630Gav5IDys/Vb9-kYzyYKI/AAAAAAAA5Dc/Q8BmzqegW_I/s320/se-2.gif" width="320" /></a>The out break of World War II in East in 1941 was started by the declaration of War by Great Britain and America on 8 Dec 1941 against Japan in response to the attack by Japan on Pearl Harbour on 7 Dec 1941. This incident caused a great stirring among the Indians in these regions. On the other hand Germany and Italy declared war against America on 10-11 Dec 1941. On 25th Dec 1941, Hong Kong surrendered to the Axis. On 10th Jan 1942, Japan attacked archipelago occupied by Dutch in SE Asia On 15 February, 1942, Singapore , on 10th March Rangoon, on 9th April Batan, 1st May Mandalay surrendered to Japan.<br />
Those Indians living in territories freed from European domination organised themselves into associations with the main objects of contributing their quota to the liberation of India from the British yoke and serving the interests of the overseas Indians during the critical period of transition.Such organisations were established in a large number of towns as well as in villages, and attained great popularity . But of these associations was born the idea of an Indian Independence League, of which they regarded themselves as branches. A definite shape was given to this idea by the great Indian revolutionary Rash Bihari Bosewhose early activities in India and flight to Japan have been referred to above .<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B-Q6E5UQK9A/Vb-Kjp0tU4I/AAAAAAAA5Ds/9gCi_7K9hUo/s1600/tokyo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-B-Q6E5UQK9A/Vb-Kjp0tU4I/AAAAAAAA5Ds/9gCi_7K9hUo/s320/tokyo.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Rash Bihari settled in Japan , married a Japanese girl and became a Japanese citizen. But he never ceased to work for his mother land and it was mainly due to his inspiration and efforts that a conference was held at Tokyo on 28-30 March, 1942, for the discussion of political issues. </b><br />
The Tokyo Conference passed a resolution to form an Indian National Army under the direct command of Indian officers who would conduct the campaign for the liberation of India. An Indian Independence League of overseas Indians was provisionally established throughout Japanese Asia , and it was decided to hold a fully representative Conference of Indians at Bangkok in June . This conference was held in Bangkok from 15th to 23rd June, 1942. It was attended by 100 delegates from Burma, Malaya, Thailand, Indo-China, Philipines, Japan, China, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Hong Kong, and Andamans.Rash Bihari Bose was elected as Chairman.<br />
The tricolour flag of India was raised by Rash Bihari Bose and the Conference formally inaugurated the Indian Independence League with a definite constitution. The object of the league was defined to be the attainment of complete and immediate independence of vIndia. The conference passed altogether 35 resolutions, including one inviting Subhas Bose to East Asia. The delegates after returning from the conference held mass meetings in their respective localities and explained the discussions and decisions of the conference.This created tremendous enthusiasm among the Indians who started the local branches of the Indian Independence League. There were already two hundred members of the league in Malaya.<br />
The conference at Bangkok was also attended by the representatives of the soldiers surrendered at the hands of the Japanese. In December 1941, when the Japanese invaded north Malaya and defeated the British forces there, Captain Mohan Singh of the First Battalion, 14th Punjab regiment together with another Indian officer, a British Colonel . The two Indian officers Giani Pritam Singh and Major Fuzihara , a Jsapanese officer, tried to induce Mohan Singh work for the Independence of India. After a great deal of discussion Mohan Singh yielded to their persuasions. After the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 Col.Hunt on behalf of the British Govt. handed over the Indian prisoners of War to Major fuzihara.Mohan Singh asked the soldiers to join INA, Indian National Army ( Azad Hind Fauz) . The net result was INA had added a number of 25000 volunteers.laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-55927565998353929212015-08-02T06:51:00.000-07:002015-08-11T05:59:20.784-07:00 South East Asia - Subhas and Rashbihari Bose<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--bY1NLW3n0g/Vb4YtJ-F1_I/AAAAAAAA5Ck/PocU9IZza2M/s1600/s-e%2Basia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--bY1NLW3n0g/Vb4YtJ-F1_I/AAAAAAAA5Ck/PocU9IZza2M/s320/s-e%2Basia.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> was under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">Indian</a> influence starting around 200 BC until around the 15th century, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> influence was absorbed by local polities. India had established trade, cultural and political relations with Southeast Asian kingdoms in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" width="175">Country</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Religions</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Predominantly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, with significant Muslim, Christian, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> minorities.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="720" data-file-width="1440" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Islam</b> (67%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma">Burma</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Buddhism</b> (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="625" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Buddhism</b> (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="1000" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Buddhism</b>, Islam, Christianity</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Islam</b> (80%), others</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Roman Catholicism</b> (90%), Islam, Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Islam</b> (87.18%), Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, others<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-indoCIA_45-0" style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia#cite_note-indoCIA-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Buddhism</b> (67%), Animism, Christianity, others</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1400" data-file-width="2800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Islam</b> (60.4%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Roman Catholicism</b> (80%), Islam (11%),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> Protestantism (6%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> (2.8%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> (2.2%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> (Aglipayan Church) (2%), other Christian denominations (3%), Buddhism (1.5%),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> Animism (1.25%) others (Hinduism, Baha'i, Judaism, etc.)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="2880" data-file-width="4320" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Buddhism</b>, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, Hinduism, others</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South China Sea Islands">South China Sea Islands</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">unknown</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Buddhism</b> (95%), Islam (4.6%), others (0.8%)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> (45.3%), Buddhism (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Muslim (0.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Ni0NltV2gY/Vb4htOtnYbI/AAAAAAAA5Cw/jF59x83y1PQ/s1600/southeast-asia-map.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Ni0NltV2gY/Vb4htOtnYbI/AAAAAAAA5Cw/jF59x83y1PQ/s320/southeast-asia-map.png" width="319" /></a></div>
The peoples of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a> — present day Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines — are thought to have migrated southwards from southern China sometime between 2500 and 1500 BC. The influence of the civilization of India gradually became predominant among them, and among the peoples of the Southeast Asian mainland. Indian traders, adventurers, teachers and priests continued to be the dominating influence in Southeast Asia until about 1500 CE, and Indians often ruled the earliest states in these regions. Hinduism and Buddhism both spread to these states from India and for many centuries existed there with mutual toleration. Eventually the states of the mainland became mainly Buddhist.<br />
<br />
<ul style="line-height: 12.8000001907349px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></b>, comprising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, and<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></b>, also known as<b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indochina">Indochina</a></b>, comprising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_(Burma)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar (Burma)">Myanmar (Burma)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peninsular Malaysia">West Malaysia</a>;</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The territories of mainland southeast Asia comprise the following:</div>
<ul style="line-height: 12.8000001907349px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> only)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma">Myanmar</a> (formerly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Burma">Burma</a>; part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Raj">British India</a>until 1937)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (formerly Siam)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-35Ec2GjlsNo/Vb4pHThFVHI/AAAAAAAA5DA/L6rtSbJNrUE/s1600/continent-map-southeast-asia.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-35Ec2GjlsNo/Vb4pHThFVHI/AAAAAAAA5DA/L6rtSbJNrUE/s320/continent-map-southeast-asia.png" width="320" /></a></div>
In June 1943rash Bihari Bose , President of the IIL met Subhas Bosein the Imperial hoteland briefed him about the situation and requested himto take up leadership of the Indian Independence movement in th far east. Rash Bihari escaped to japan under the name Tagore after he had thrown a bomb at Lord Hardinge , the then Viceroy and Governor General of India , in 1912, and since then had been staying in Japan, as its citizen , marrying a Japanese woman. earlier, for several years he was protected by Prof. Toyama, of the Black Society of Japan.<br />
The day after Japan entered World War II, the IIL, was officially inaugurated at Bangkok in December 1941, under the leadership of Baba Amar Singh , assisted by Giani Pritam Singh, two young Indian revolutionaries who had escaped in Dec 1940 from Hong Kong prison, where they were imprisoned for their anti-British movement and sought asylum under the Japanese government.<br />
Rash Bihari Bose handed over his Presidentship of IIL to Subhas Bose.</div>
laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8189630216420027601.post-826050602466043322015-08-01T06:23:00.000-07:002015-08-01T06:23:38.836-07:00Role of Japan in WWII (contd-2)<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7HY3X2gBv8/Vby_jpN6FVI/AAAAAAAA5CM/w_YhiTW5eIU/s1600/pearl-1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7HY3X2gBv8/Vby_jpN6FVI/AAAAAAAA5CM/w_YhiTW5eIU/s320/pearl-1.gif" width="320" /></a><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">Pearl Harbor</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> is a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Harbor">harbor</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> on the island of</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Oahu">Oahu</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">, west of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Honolulu, Hawaii">Honolulu</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">. The U.S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet and the right to maintain a repair and coaling station for ships here in 1887.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;"> on December 7, 1941 was the immediate cause of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">' entry into </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px;">.</span>laughing clubhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00005129930309506974noreply@blogger.com0